Table 1.

Research forms of the 18-item DEOS

1. Being able to interact with surrounding people

2. Being able to listen calmly to others

3. Being able to spend time with a friendly person

4. Being able to pay attention to others

5. Being able to love small children and animals

6. Being able to be kind to others

7. Being able to enjoy humor

8. Being able to enjoy an old tale

9. Being able to perform one's daily routine at one's own pace

10. Being able to express emotions (such as pleasure and suffering)

11. Being able to groom (makeup, hair style, clothing, belongings)

12. Being able to insist on one's will and wish

13. Being able to have pride as a human being

14. Being able to show joy with a smile

15. Being able to do something for others

16. Being able to be positive not negative

17. Being able to feel relaxed

18. Being able to work hard on what one likes

A total of 72 points represents the maximum sum of the 18 items. Each question is evaluated on a four-level Likert scale: “applicable” (4 points), “approximately applicable” (3 points), “not very applicable” (2 points), or “not applicable” (1 point). DEOS, Dementia Elderly Odayaka Scale.