Table 4.

Previous studies analyzing the value of extracellular vesicles in UM

Title	Reference	Patient number	Major findings
MicroRNA in exosomes isolated directly from the liver circulation in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma	Eldh et al. [76], 2014	metastatic UM patients (n = 12)	metastatic UM releases exosomes into the liver circulation; patients have more circulating exosomes in systemic circulation compared to healthy controls; miRNA profiles of exosomes are similar between patients, but different compared with the cell line controls
miRNA profiling in vitreous humor, vitreal exosomes and serum from uveal melanoma patients: pathological and diagnostic implications	Ragusa et al. [55], 2015	UM patients (n = 6)	90% of miRNAs were common between vitreous humor and vitreal exosomes; the major source of miRNA in vitreous humor could be from exosomes
Immunoaffinity-based isolation of melanoma cell-derived exosomes from plasma of patients with melanoma	Sharma et al. [75], 2018	ocular melanoma (n = 2)	immunoaffinity-based isolation protocol based on antibody for CSPG4 could isolate melanoma-derived exosomes in patient plasma with good reproducibility
Oncosuppressor-mutated cells as a liquid biopsy test for cancer-screening	Abdouh et al. [78], 2019	dysplastic melanocytic nevus (n = 1); choroidal melanoma (n = 1)	exosomes from cancer patient sera were able to transform OMCs; suggested that OMCs could be used as a biological liquid biopsy test for early cancer screening

miRNA, microRNA; OMCs, oncosuppressor-mutated cells; UM, uveal melanoma.