Table 3.

Effect of light on animal models of PD.

First author, year, reference	Subject	Model	PBM Parameters	Effects
Victoria E Shaw, 2010[64]	BALB/c albino Mice	Acute MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 1 cm above the head, 670 nm, 40 mw/cm2, 90 s, 10 cm2, 2 J/cm2	Dopaminergic cells in SNc↑
Cassandra Peoples, 2012[65]	BALB/c male mice	Chronic, Acute MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 670 nm, 90 s, 0.5 J/cm2	Dopaminergic amacrine cells and TH+ cells in retina↑
Victoria E Shaw, 2012[66]	BALB/c Mice	Acute, chronic MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 1–2 cm above the head, 670 nm, 90 s, 0.5 J/cm2	Fos+ cells in subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta ↓
Cassandra Peoples, 2012[67]	BALB/c Mice	Chronic MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 1–2 cm above the head, 670 nm, 90 s, 5 J/cm2, 3–5 weeks	TH+ cells in SNc↑
Melissa Vos, 2013[68]	Dorsophila	Pink 1 mutants	Transcranial PBM, 808 nm, 25 mw/cm2, 2.5 J/cm2	Partially rescue the behavioral abnormalities and mitochondrial function of pink1 mutant
Cecile Moro, 2013[69]	C57BL/6 pigmented mice	Acute MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 1–2 cm above the head, 670 nm, 90 s, 4 times, 2 J/cm2	TH+ cells ↑ Behavioral impairment ↓
Purushothuman S 2013[70]	Mice	K3 (tau transgenic mice)	–	Loss of TH+ cells↓ stress biomarkers: increase of 4-HNE, 8-OHDG, AT-8↓
Cecile Moro 2014[71]	BALB/c Mice Sprague-Dawley rats	Acute MPTP	Implanted (lateral ventricles), 0.16 mw, 67 mw	Dopaminergic cells ↑
Johnstone DM, 2014[19]	Male BALB/c Mice	MPTP	Remote PBM (applied on the trunk and leg instead of head), 670 nm, 50 mw/cm2, 4 J/cm2	Damage of TH+ cells in SNc↓
				Effects of direct transcranial application is better than remote PBM
Oueslati A, 2015[72]	Sprague-Dawley female Rat	AAV-based α-synuclein overexpression	Transcranial PBM, 808 nm, 2.5–5 mw/cm2, 100 s, once daily for 28 days	Behavioral damage↓
				Loss of dopaminergic cells↓
Florian Reinhart, 2016[73]	Male BALB/c Mice	Acute MPTP	Transcranial PBM, 670 nm, 90 s, twice daily, 1 J/cm2/d	Whether PBM is simultaneously, before or after the MPTP injection, MPTP induced behavioral impairment↓ cell survival ↑
Darlot F, 2016[74]	Macaque Monkey	Subacute MPTP	Implanted, 670 nm, 10 mw, 25 J/5 d, 35 J/7 d	Clinical and behavioral impairment↓
				Dopaminergic cells and their terminations in SN, TH+ cells in stratum↑
Nabil El Massri, 2016[75]	Macaque Monkey	Subacute MPTP	Implanted (substantia nigra next to the midline of midbrain) 670 nm, 25/35 J, before injection: NIr delivery (5 s ON/60 s OFF); after injection: 24 h, 10 mw	Astrogliosis in SNc and stratum ↓
Florian Reinhart, 2016[76]	Wistar Rat	6-OHDA	Implanted (Bergma coordinate (–5.6 mm, +2.9 mm, –8.5 mm) 20°), continuous or pulsed, 670 nm, 0.16 mw, twice daily for 23 days, 90 s per time, total dose of 634 mJ	At the stronger power, apomorphine induced rotation↓
				TH+ cells ↑
Nabil El Massri, 2017[77]	Macaque	MPTP	Implanted (midbrain midline), 670 nm, 10 mw	TH+ cells in stratum ↑
	Monkey			GDNF↑
Florian Reinhart, 2017[78]	Male BALB/c Mice	MPTP	670 nm and 810 nm (simultaneously or sequentially) 22 J, 2 days	Motility ↑
				TH+ cells in SNpc↑
Boaz Kim, 2018[20]	Male C57BL/6 mice	MPTP	remote PBM before MPTP injection, 670 nm, 50 mw/cm2, 3 min	Loss of dopaminergic cells↓
O’Brien, 2019[79]	Sprague-Dawley Mice (Male)	LPS	Transcranial PBM, 670 nm, 50 mw/cm2, 88 s, twice daily for 6 days	Loss of dopaminergic cells ↓
Varshika Ganeshan, 2019[21]	BALB/c mice	MPTP	Remote PBM before MPTP injection, 670 nm, continuous wave, 4 J/cm2, 50 mw/cm2	Loss of TH+ cells in midbrain ↓
				increase of FOS+ neurons in putamen and caudate nucleus↓

PBM: Photobiomodulation; SNc: Substantia Nigra compacta; SNpc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta; GDNF: Glial cell-derived Neuro trophic factor.