Table 2.

Microfluidic platforms for label-free separation of exosomes.

Exosome Isolation Approach	Sample	Isolated Size (nm)	Isolation Capacity (μL)	Isolation Throughput (μL/min)	Recovery Yield(%)	Reference
Filtration-based separation
Vesicle trapping on an array of ciliated nanowires	Liposome, beads	~83–120	100	10	~10	[63]
Nanowire-induced electrostatic collection	Urine	~30–200	1000	50	N/A	[64]
ZnO nanowires-coated 3D PDMS scaffold	Blood	~40–200	100	5	N/A	[61]
Double filtration	Urine	~155	8000	33	74.2	[62]
Exodisc: double filtration	Urine	~20–600	1000	36	>95	[60]
ExoTIC:multi-membranes	Cell culture supernatant, Plasma, Urine	~30–100	5000	~83	>90	[65]
Pressure-driven filtration	Mouse whole blood	~150	3	0.075	>1.5	[58]
Hydrodynamic properties-based separation
Nano-DLD sorting using pillar array	Urine-derived	<100	0.72	0.0001–0.0002	N/A	[70]
Nano-DLD sorting	Urine, Serum	~30–200	900	15	~50	[74]
Continuous viscoelasticity-based and field-free microfluidic sorting	Fetal bovine serum	<200	100	10	93.6	[85]
Mild external force separation	Cell culture supernatant	~30–100	5	~5	~80	[66]
Wavy microchannel structures within viscoelastic fluids sorting	Cell culture supernatant	~30–200	N/A	44.9	>81	[69]
Acoustic field-based separation
Acoustic purification	Cell culture supernatant, stored red blood cell products	<200	10	1.68	>90	[94]
Acousticfluidic collection	Human whole blood	~100	500	10	99	[92]
Acoustic trapping isolation	Cell culture supernatant, urine, human whole blood	110–141	300	15	44.4	[87]
Acoustofluidic separation	Human plasma	20–600	N/A	0.5	N/A	[88]
Acoustofluidic isolation	Saliva	~22–200	100	11	N/A	[93]
Electrical based separation
Electrophoresis-driven filtration	Mouse whole blood	~150	240	2	1.5	[58]
Electrophoretic isolation on nanoporous membrane	Mouse plasma	~10–400	1000	20	65	[59]
Alternating current electrokinetic (ACE) microarray chip	Undiluted human plasma samples	50–150	30–50	~2–3.3	N/A	[115]
Electric field driven filtration	Cell culture supernatant, serum	<150	50–66	2.5–3.5	60–80	[95]
Electrokinetic concentration isolation	Cell culture supernatant	~50–75	30	1	N/A	[96]
Ion-depletion zone sorting	Cell culture supernatant	~30–200	N/A	1	98	[97]