Table 4.

Comparison of the strengths and limitations of therapeutic-loading nanotechnologies.

Techniques	Advantages	Disadvantages
Electroporation	✓Vector free ✓Effective for loading of hydrophilic cargos	➣May affect surface zeta potential damage ➣Manufacturing challenges for scaling up
Sonication	✓ small RNAs are easily encapsulation	➣Drugs may simply adhere to the extraluminal surface ➣Risk of membrane deformation
Direct transfection	✓ Effective for encapsulation of drugs with versatile potential	➣ Transfection reagents may affect the membrane of exosome
Cellular engineering	✓ Effective for gene modification and chemical editing in vitro	➣ Risk of genotoxicity and cause adverse host immune response ➣ Time-consuming and hard to scalable production