Table 2. Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (Year) | Country | Aims/ Objectives | Research Area | Child Protection Contact (CPC) vs. OHC | Administrative Data Source | Number of administrative datasets (Deterministic/ Probabilistic Linkage) | Linkage Quality (Yes/ No) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egulend et al. (2009) | Denmark | To identify problems among children in foster and residential care compared to in home care children, and to all non-welfare children of the same age, and to analyse factors associated with mental health problems in children in out-of-home care | Mental Health | OHC | 1.National Health Register; 2.Psychiatric Research Register 3.Child Protection Register |
2 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Hansson et al. (2018) | Sweden | To describe and discuss differences between children placed in OHC and non-OHC children in the Swedish compulsory school, with respect to special needs education, school mobility and academic achievement. | Education | OHC | Statistics Sweden | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Kisely et al. (2019) | Australia | To examine whether notified and/or substantiated child maltreatment is associated with the prevalence and persistence of smoking in early adulthood | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Kisely et al. (2018) | Australia | To examine, using a prospective record-linkage analysis, whether substantiated child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in early adulthood. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Kisely et al. (2019) | Australia | To study the association of different types of child maltreatment with alcohol use disorders at 21 years of age | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Olsen et al. (2018) | Denmark | To investigate the association for children in OHC and non-OHC peers between school change in lower secondary school and two educational outcomes: (1) self-perceived academic abilities at age 15 and (2) staying-on rates in upper secondary school at age 18 | Education | OHC | Danish Register Data | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Parrish et al. (2016) | USA | To determine the predictive relationship between a maternal pre-birth self-reported history of intimate partner violence (IPV) and any post-birth reported allegation to Child Protective Services (CPS) by age 2 | Domestic violence | CPC | Alaska’s Child Protective Services Agency Register | 1 (Probabilistic) | No | |||
| Parrish et al. (2017) | USA | A description of the creation of the (ALCANLink) project and the benefit of the ALCANLink methodology by documenting the bias in incidence and hazard ratios that can arise in birth cohort linkage studies due to incomplete data linkages, non-linkage assumptions, and single source outcome ascertainment | Child protection | CPC | 1. Vital records; 2. Child death review; 3. Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) records |
3 (Deterministic & Probabilistic) | Yes | |||
| Raghavan et al. (2017) | USA | To quantify the magnitude of non-ascertainment bias, develop a profile of children who are at greatest risk for non-ascertainment, | Health insurance | OHC | 1.Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) Research Data Assistance Centre; 2.Child Welfare Agency |
1 (Deterministic) | Yes | |||
| Sidebotham et al. (2000) | UK | A study of patterns of child abuse and factors that may affect risk in a pre-school population |
Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Sidebotham et al. (2003) | UK | To determine characteristics of children that may predispose to maltreatment. | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Sidebotham et al. (2006) | UK | to analyse the multiple factors affecting risk of abuse in young children within a comprehensive theoretical framework | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Sidebotham et al. (2002) | UK | To determine risk factors for child maltreatment within the socio-economic environment of a contemporary UK child population | Child protection | CPC | Avon Social Services Child Protection Register | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Teyhan et al. (2019) | UK | To use record linkage of birth cohort and administrative data to study educational outcomes of children who are looked-after (in public care) and in need (social services involvement), and examine the role of early life factors. | Education | OHC | 1. Children Looked-After (CLA) Data Return; 2. Children in Need (CIN) Census; 3. National Pupil Database |
3 (NR) | No | |||
| Austin et al. (2019) | USA | Identify longitudinal trajectory classes of CPS contact among Alaska Native (AN/AI) and non-Native (NN) children and examine preconception and prenatal risk factors associated with identified classes | Child protection | CPC | 1. Alaska Office of Children’s Services (OCS); 2. Alaska Child Death Review; 3. Death certificate files; 4. Alaska Dept. of Revenue |
4 (NR) | No | |||
| Austin et al. (2018) | USA | To use multiple novel data sources and time-to event analysis to examine preconception and prenatal predictors of time to first contact with CPS among a representative sample of Alaska children. | Child protection | CPC | 1. Alaska Office of Children’s Services (OCS); 2. Alaska Child Death Review; 3. Death certificate files; 4. Alaska Dept. of Revenue 5. Geographic census classification data 6. Alaska Birth Defects Registry |
6 (NR) | No | |||
| Hansson et al. (2020) | Sweden | To investigate the effects of school mobility on academic achievements for OHC-children as well as for NOHC-children. | Education | OHC | Statistics Sweden: Child Welfare Register | 1 (NR) | No | |||
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Examine the association between different types of substantiated child maltreatment and self-reported psychotic experiences as measured by the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) items and the Peter’s Delusions Inventory (PDI) using data from a large population-based birth cohort study. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Examine the effect on QoL of multiple forms of substantiated child maltreatment controlling for selected potential confounders and/covariates, and concurrent depressive symptoms. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | Australia | This study examines whether distinct types of childhood maltreatment differentially predict different forms of intimate partner violence | Domestic violence | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | Australia | This study investigates the association between exposure to prospectively-substantiated childhood maltreatment between 0 to 14 years of age and lifetime cannabis use, abuse and dependence reported at 21 years | Drugs & alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | Australia | Determine the association between substantiated childhood maltreatment and injecting drug use | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Strathean et al. (2009) | Australia | Explored whether breastfeeding may protect against maternally-perpetrated child maltreatment. | Child protection | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Mills et al. (2013) | Australia | To examine whether notified child maltreatment is associated with adverse psychological outcomes in adolescence, and whether differing patterns of psychological outcome are seen depending on the type of maltreatment. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Mills et al. (2016) | Australia | Investigate the incidence of CSA in the same birth cohort using both retrospective self-report and prospective government agency notification, and examine the psychological outcomes in young adulthood. | Mental Health | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Mills et al. (2014) | Australia | This study examines whether child maltreatment experience predicts adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. The secondary question was whether specific patterns of types of maltreatment were associated with alcohol and/or tobacco use. | Drugs & alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Mills et al. (2019) | Australia | to investigate whether child maltreatment is associated with adverse outcomes in cognitive function, high school completion and employment by the age of 21 | Education | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Mills et al. (2017) | Australia | To investigate whether: (1) child maltreatment is associated with life-time cannabis use, early-onset cannabis use, daily cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse in young adulthood; and (2) behaviour problems, tobacco use and alcohol use at age 14 are associated with cannabis use. | Drugs & Alcohol | CPC | Queensland Department of Families, Youth and Community Care (DFYCC) | 1 (Deterministic) | No | |||
| Parrish et al. (2011) | Australia | To assess the utility of combining PRAMS data with child protective services (CPS) records to identify risk factors associated with Protective Services Reports (PSR) suggestive of child maltreatment | Child protection | CPC | Alaska’s Child Protective Services Agency Register | 1 (Probabilistic) | Yes | |||
| Raghavan et al. (2012) | USA | To estimate the amount of Medicaid expenditures incurred from the purchase of psychotropic drugs–the primary drivers of mental health expenditures among children in the child welfare system | Health insurance | CPC | 1.Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) Research Data Assistance Centre; 2.Child Welfare Agency |
1 (Deterministic & Probabilistic) | Yes | |||
| Author (Year) | Name of Longitudinal Study | Study Period | Sampling Method | Study Population | Waves in the study: (Age: sample size) | Wave reported: (Age: Sample Size) | ||||
| Age at Baseline | Year of birth | Gender-Males (%) | Cohort size at Baseline | |||||||
| Egulend et al. (2009) | Danish longitudinal survey of children (DALSC) | 1995–2007 | NR | Birth | 1995 | NR | 1. Non-CPC (6,000); 2. OHC (1,072); 3. In-home care (1,457) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (4 months, n = 6,622); Wave 2: (3.5 years, n = 6,622); Wave 3: (7 years, n = 7,198); Wave 4: (11 years, n = 8,225); Wave 5: (15 years, n = 7,132) |
Wave 4: (11 years, Non-welfare children n = 5,242; OHC: n = 433; In-home care: n = 95) | |
| Hansson et al. (2018) | Swedish longitudinal Evaluation Through Follow-up (ETF) project | 1971–2001 | Stratified systematic sampling | 9 years | 1972; 1977; 1982; 1987; 1992 |
NR | (4,500–12,000)* 5 Cohorts | 1948 Cohort: (12 years, n = 12,000); 1953 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1967 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1972 Cohort: (9 & 12 years, n = 9,000); 1977 Cohort: (9 & 12 years, n = 4,500); 1982 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1987 Cohort: (15 years, n = 9,000); 1992 Cohort: (9 years, n = 9,000) |
Wave 1, Baseline (7 years; n = N/A); Wave 2: (9 years; Pooled Data from 5 Cohorts (non-OHC: n = 40,107; OHC: n = 1,482) |
|
| Kisely et al. (2019) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 47% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 4 (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,758 & subset n = 2,548) |
|
| Kisely et al. (2018) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 53% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,778) |
|
| Kisely et al. (2019) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 47% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,762) |
|
| Olsen et al. (2018) | Danish longitudinal survey of children (DALSC) | 1995–2011 | NR | Birth | 1995 | 53% | 907 OHC; 5,900 non-OHC |
Wave 1, Baseline: (4 months, n = 6,622); Wave 2: (3.5 years: n = 6,622); Wave 3: (7 years: n = 7,198); Wave 4: (11 years: n = 8,225); Wave 5: (15 years: n = 7,132); Wave 6: (18 years: n = 5,139) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Birth, OHC: n = 907, non-OHC: n = 5,900); Wave 5: (15 years: OHC: n = 169, non-OHC: n = 4,568); Wave 6: (18 years: OHC: n = 817, non-OHC: n = 4,322) |
|
| Parrish et al. (2016) | Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | 2009–2014 | Stratified systematic sampling | Birth | 2009–2010 | NR | 2,389 | 1990–2016 Cohorts: (Annual sample sizes per state range from about 1000 to 3000 women) | Wave 1: (Birth-2 years: n = 2,389) | |
| Parrish et al. (2017) | Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | 2009–2014 | Stratified systematic sampling | Birth | 2009–2011 | NR | 1,235 | 1990–2016 Cohorts: (Annual sample sizes per state range from about 1000 to 3000 women) | Wave 1: (Birth: n = 1,235) | |
| Raghavan et al. (2017) | National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) | 1999–2003 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Child Protection Contact (CPC) (5,501); Long term foster care placement (LTFC) (727) |
Wave 1: (Birth: n = 6,228); Wave 2: (9 years: n = 5,873); Wave 3: (14 years: n = NR) |
Pooled (Wave 1-wave 3) sample: (CPS: n = 2,309, LTFC: n = 423) | |
| Sidebotham et al. (2000) | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991–1998 | NR | Pre-birth | 1991–1992 | NR | 14,451 | Wave 1: (Pre-birth: n = 14,893); Wave 2: (1 month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (6–8 months: n = 11,194, Partner = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months: n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months: n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
Wave 3: (8 months, n = 11,194, Partner: n = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months, n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months, n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months, n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months, n = 9,635) |
|
| Sidebotham et al. (2003) | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991–1998 | NR | 1 month | 1991–1992 | (56% registered & 52% non-registered) | 14,256 | Wave 1: (Pre-birth: n = 14,893); Wave 2: (1 month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (6–8 months: n = 11,194, Partner = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months: n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months: n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
Wave 2: (1 month, n = 14,256); Wave 6: (30 months, n = 115 registered vs n = 14,105 non-registered children) |
|
| Sidebotham et al. (2006) | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991–1998 | NR | Pre-birth | 1991–1992 | NR | 14,256 | Wave 1: (Pre-birth: n = 14,893); Wave 2: (1 month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (6–8 months: n = 11,194, Partner = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months: n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months: n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
Wave 2: (One month: n = 14,256); Wave 7: (36 months: n = NR) |
|
| Sidebotham et al. (2002) | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991–1998 | NR | Pre-birth | 1991–1992 | 52% | 14,256 | Wave 1: (Pre-birth: n = 14,893); Wave 2: (1 month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (6–8 months: n = 11,194, Partner = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months: n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months: n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
Wave 2: (One month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (8 months: n = 11,194); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
|
| Teyhan et al. (2019) | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | 1991–2009 | NR | Pre-birth | 1991–1992 | (50% (No CLA/CIN); 48% CIN; 51% CLA) |
14,868 | Wave 1: (Pre-birth: n = 14,893); Wave 2: (1 month: n = 14,256); Wave 3: (6–8 months: n = 11,194, Partner = 6,861); Wave 4: (18 months: n = 10,750); Wave 5: (21 months: n = 10,323); Wave 6: (30 months: n = 10,289); Wave 7: (33 months: n = 9,635) |
Wave 3: (1 year: n = 13,988); Wave 8: (7–18 years, Booster: n = 718); Wave 9: (>18 years, Booster: n = 183) |
|
| Austin et al. (2019) | Alaska Longitudinal Child Abuse and Neglect Linkage (ALCANLink) project & PRAMS | 2009–2014 | Stratified systematic sampling | Birth | 2009–2011 | (53% AN & 49% NN) | AN (1,257); NN (2,102) |
1990–2016 Cohorts: (Birth, n = 1,000–3,000) | Wave 1: (Birth -5/6 years) | |
| Austin et al. (2018) | Alaska Longitudinal Child Abuse and Neglect Linkage (ALCANLink) project & PRAMS | 2009–2015 | Stratified systematic sampling | Birth | 2009–2011 | 51% | 3,549 | 1990–2016 Cohorts: (Birth, n = 1,000–3,000) | Wave 1 (Birth -5/6 years) | |
| Hansson et al. (2020) | Swedish longitudinal Evaluation Through Follow-up (ETF) project | NR | Stratified systematic sampling | 9 years | 1972; 1977; 1982; 1987; 1992 |
NR | (4,500–12,000)* 5 Cohorts | 1948 Cohort: (12 years, n = 12,000); 1953 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1967 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1972 Cohort: (9 & 12 years, n = 9,000); 1977 Cohort: (9 & 12 years, n = 4,500); 1982 Cohort: (12 years, n = 9,000); 1987 Cohort: (15 years, n = 9,000); 1992 Cohort: (9 years, n = 9,000) |
Wave 2: (9 years, n = NR); Wave 3: (12 years, n = NR) |
|
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 47% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 3: 5 years; Wave 4 (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,752) |
|
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 50% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 3: (5 years: n = NR); Wave 4 (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,730) |
|
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 45% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 4 (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 3,322) |
|
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 48% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 4 (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5 (21 years: n = 2,526) |
|
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 47% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,750) |
|
| Strathean et al. (2009) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2000 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 52% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,621); Wave 4: (15 years: n = 5,890) |
|
| Mills et al. (2013) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2000 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 52% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,172) |
|
| Mills et al. (2016) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 52% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth, n = 7,223); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,739) |
|
| Mills et al. (2014) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2000 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 52% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,200) |
|
| Mills et al. (2019) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | NR | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,778) |
|
| Mills et al. (2017) | The Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) | 1981–2004 | NR | Birth | 1981–1983 | 47% | 7,223 Mother & Child pairs | Wave 1, Baseline: (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 2: (6 months: n = 6,720); Wave 3: (5 years: n = 5,308); Wave 4: (14 years: n = 5,216); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,805); Wave 6: (30 years: n = 2,904) |
Wave 1, Baseline (Mother and child dyads at birth: n = 7,223); Wave 4: (14 years: n = NR); Wave 5: (21 years: n = 3,778) |
|
| Parrish et al. (2011) | Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) | 1997–2004 | Stratified systematic sampling | Birth | 1997–1999 | 48% | 5, 421 | 1990–2016 Cohorts: (Annual sample sizes per state range from about 1000 to 3000 women) | Wave 1, Baseline (Birth: n = 5,421); Wave 2: (48 months: n = 4,217) |
|
| Raghavan et al. (2012) | National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) | 1999–2003 | NR | 2 years | NR | 48% | NSCAW (2,831); Matched child observations (2,821) |
Wave 1: (Birth: n = 6,228); Wave 2: (9 years: n = 5,873); Wave 3: (14 years: n = NR) |
Pooled (Wave 1-wave 4): n = 5,652 | |
| Author (Year) | Timeframe between reported waves (months) | Outcome Measures | Missing data (Yes/ No) | Attrition rate | Described attrition (Yes/No) | Corrected attrition (Yes/No) | Attrition analysis (Yes/No) | Selection bias (Yes/ No) | Sensitivity analysis Yes/No) | |
| Standardized | Non-standardized | |||||||||
| Egulend et al. (2009) | 36 months | 1. Strengths and Difficulties screening (SDQ) for mental health 2. ICD-10 Psychiatric diagnosis |
1. School performance and satisfaction; 2. Leisure activities |
Yes | NR | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Hansson et al. (2018) | Waves 1–2 = 24 months | Cognitive Test Scores | Academic achievement | Yes | NR | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Kisely et al. (2019) | (Waves 1–4 = 168 months); Waves 4–5 = 84 months) |
1. WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale) for Nicotine use, dependence & withdrawal; 2. Depression (CES-D) scale |
1. Prevalence of smoking; 2. Persistent smoking |
Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Kisely et al. (2018) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | 1. Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scales (CES-D) 2. Achenbach Youth Self-Report (YASR) scale; 3. WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale |
None | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Kisely et al. (2019) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale for alcohol use and dependence | Alcohol use in the last month | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Olsen et al. (2018) | (Waves 1–2 = 180 months); Waves 2–3 = 36 months) |
None | 1. Self-perceived academic ability (SAA) 2. Staying-on rates |
Yes | NR | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Parrish et al. (2016) | N/A | None | Maltreatment report to Child Protective Services | Yes | N/A | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Parrish et al. (2017) | N/A | None | Child maltreatment | Yes | NR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Raghavan et al. (2017) | Wave 1- Wave 3 = 36 months | None | Ascertainment of foster care status | Yes | NR | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2000) | (Waves 3–4 = 10 months); (Waves 4–5 = 3 months); (Waves 5–6 = 9 months); (Waves 6–7 = 3 months) |
None | Child abuse investigations and registrations | No | NR | No | No | No | No | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2003) | (Waves 2–6 = 29 months) | None | Child protection registration | Yes | NR | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2006) | Wave 2–7: 35 months | None | 1. Investigation for suspected maltreatment; 2. Registration on the child protection register |
Yes | NR | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Sidebotham et al. (2002) | (Waves 2–3 = 7 months); (Waves 3–5 = 13 months); (Waves 5–7 = 12 months) |
None | Child abuse registration | Yes | NR | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Teyhan et al. (2019) | (Waves 3–8 = 84 months); (Waves 8–9 = 132 months) |
None | 1. Educational attainment; 2. Persistent absence from school; 3. Special educational needs (SEN) status; 4. School Mobility |
Yes | NR | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Austin et al. (2019) | Wave 1 (5/6 years) | None | Child Protective Service Contact | Yes | NR | No | No | No | No | No |
| Austin et al. (2018) | Wave 1 (5/6 years) | None | Age at first CP contact | Yes | NR | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Hansson et al. (2020) | Waves 2–3 = 36 months | None | Cognitive ability | Yes | NR | No | No | No | No | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | (Waves 1–2 = 6 months); (Waves 2–3 = 54 months); (Waves 3–4 = 108 months); (Waves 4–5 = 84 months) |
1. Achenbach’s YASR Behaviour Checklist (Auditory & Visual Hallucinations); 2. Peter’s Delusional Inventory (PDI); 3. WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale for diagnoses of psychosis |
None | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | (Waves 1–2 = 6 months); (Waves 2–3 = 54 months); (Waves 3–4 = 108 months); (Waves 4–5 = 84 months) |
1. Achenbach’s Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) Behaviour Checklist (4 items); 2. Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |
QoL Self Report (Happy/ Satisfaction scales) | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | (Waves 1–2 = 6 months); (Waves 2–3 = 54 months); (Waves 3–4 = 108 months); (Waves 4–5 = 84 months) |
1. Composed abuse scale (CAS) 2. Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) 3. Life events scale; 4. Conflict tactics scale |
None | Yes | 54% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Abajobir et al. (2016) | (Waves 1–2 = 6 months); (Waves 2–3 = 54 months); (Waves 3–4 = 108 months); (Waves 4–5 = 84 months) |
WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale for Lifetime cannabis abuse and dependence | Early age of onset of cannabis abuse | Yes | 65% | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Abajobir et al. (2017) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | Depression: Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory scale (DSSI) | Ever injected illicit drugs | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Strathean et al. (2009) | (Waves 1–3 = 6 months); Waves 3–4 = 174 months) |
Depression: Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory scale (DSSI) | Child maltreatment | Yes | 18% | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mills et al. (2013) | (Waves 1–4 = 168 months) | Achenbach Youth Self-Report (YSR) questionnaires |
None | Yes | 28% | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Mills et al. (2016) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale for psychological outcomes at age 21 | None | Yes | 48% | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Mills et al. (2014) | (Waves 1–4 = 168 months) | None | 1. Smoking status; 2. Alcohol use |
Yes | 28% | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Mills et al. (2019) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) | 1. Failure to complete high school; 2. Failure to be employed or education at 21 years |
No | 48% | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Mills et al. (2017) | (Waves 1–5 = 252 months) | 1. WHO (CIDI-DSM-IV) scale for Cannabis use/ dependence; 2. Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL); 3. Delusions–Symptoms–States Inventory (DSSI) |
Self-report | Yes | 48% | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Parrish et al. (2011) | (Waves 1–2 = 48 months) | None | Protective service report | No | 22% | No | No | No | No | No |
| Raghavan et al. (2012) | Wave 1- Wave 4 = 48 months | Internalizing or externalizing scales of the CBCL | 1. Non-zero Medicaid expenditures in a calendar year; 2. Mean total annual Medicaid expenditure per child |
No | NR | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Notes
CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview
CPC Child Protection Contact
CPS Child Protective Services
CSA Child Sexual Abuse
DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
DVSA Domestic violence and sexual assault
IPV Intimate Partner Violence
LTFC Long Term Foster Care
N/A Not Applicable
NR Not Reported
OHC Out-of-home care
SDQ Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire
WHO World Health Organisation
YASR Young Adult Self Report