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. 2021 Apr 1;12(2):386–403. doi: 10.14336/AD.2020.0812

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Metabolites responsible for distinguishing HC, EMCS and AD groups. A) A principal component analysis of the plasma metabolomes from three groups. B) Dendrogram of the three groups (HC, EMCS, and AD) showing the clustering of all 40 samples. C) Heatmap of the most abundant metabolites in the three groups, as identified by VIP scores. Each group represents a single column. Red color indicates greater abundance of the metabolite. VIP: variable importance in projection. D) Top 42 metabolites in plasma based on VIP scores for differentiating among HC, EMCS, and AD groups. The colored boxes on the right indicate the relative concentrations of the corresponding metabolite in each group. E-J) Difference analysis for Cytidine monophosphate, Oxidized glutathione, 2-Ketohexanoic acid, SDMA/ADMA, L-Glutamine and Hypoxanthine. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; *P<0.05, ****P<0.0001, n.s.: no significant difference. Student’s t-test. SDMA: Symmetric dimethylarginine; ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; HC: healthy control; AD: Alzheimer's disease; EMCS: Emerged from Minimally Conscious State.