Table 2.

Senescent cell-related molecules, signaling pathways, regulation and intervention.

Molecules/ signaling pathways	Senescence	Regulation	Related senescent cells	Pharmacological intervention
mTOR	Promote	SASP [73] Autophagy [72]	VSMCs [72]	Rapamycin [164]
GATA4	Promote	SASP [75,78]	MSCs [76]	Flavonoid4,4′dimethoxychalcone [170]
JAK/STAT	Promote	SASP [80]	HUVECs [80]	Roxolitinib [171]
cGAS/STING	Promote	SASP [82,83]	ECs[84]	Inhibition of STING [172]
NRF2	Inhibit	ROS [85] SASP [85]	EPCs [131]	Resveratrol [85]
Sirtuin	Inhibit	Autophagy [88] ROS [88]	VSMCs[162]	Resveratrol [162] nicotinamide mononucleotide [89]
AMPK	Inhibit Inhibit[165-168]	ROS [90] Autophagy [90] Apoptosis[165]	EPCs[134] ECs[166] MSCs[166]	Metformin [164] Senolytic drugs[165]