. 2021 Feb 26;39(1):9–37. doi: 10.3233/RNN-201053

Table 3.

LS Mean Changes for HRV and Physiological Parameters

Measure	Comparison	n	LS Mean Change	95% CI LL	95% CI UL	t	d_z	p
Mean Heart Rate	Baseline to Pre	32	–3.44	–6.32	–0.56	–2.38	–0.42	0.0198
(beats/min)	Pre to Post	27	–2.73	–6.02	0.56	–1.65	.	0.1027
	Post to Follow-up	17	3.23	–1.50	7.97	1.36	.	0.1781
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.50	–4.86	5.87	0.19	.	0.8520
Respiration Rate	Baseline to Pre	35	0.21	–0.73	1.14	0.43	.	0.6650
(breaths/min)	Pre to Post	32	–2.19	–3.15	–1.22	–4.48	–0.79	<.0001^*
	Post to Follow-up	25	–1.06	–2.34	0.22	–1.64	.	0.1040
	Pre to Follow-up	24	–3.24	–4.60	–1.89	–4.76	–0.97	<.0001^*
ln(SDNN)	Baseline to Pre	32	0.31	0.08	0.54	2.67	0.47	0.0092^*
	Pre to Post	27	0.14	–0.12	0.40	1.09	.	0.2781
	Post to Follow-up	17	0.14	–0.20	0.47	0.80	.	0.4234
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.28	–0.09	0.64	1.50	.	0.1381
ln(RMSSD)	Baseline to Pre	32	0.38	0.11	0.65	2.77	0.49	0.0069^*
	Pre to Post	27	0.18	–0.13	0.49	1.16	.	0.2490
	Post to Follow-up	17	0.16	–0.23	0.56	0.83	.	0.4109
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.34	–0.09	0.78	1.57	.	0.1203
ln(VLF Power)	Baseline to Pre	32	0.20	–0.32	0.72	0.75	.	0.4527
	Pre to Post	27	0.22	–0.35	0.79	0.78	.	0.4399
	Post to Follow-up	17	0.39	–0.27	1.04	1.18	.	0.2433
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.61	–0.09	1.31	1.74	.	0.0858
ln(LF Power)	Baseline to Pre	32	0.26	–0.19	0.72	1.14	.	0.2570
	Pre to Post	27	0.39	–0.12	0.89	1.53	.	0.1298
	Post to Follow-up	17	0.35	–0.29	0.99	1.08	.	0.2831
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.74	0.04	1.43	2.10	0.51	0.0387
ln(HF Power)	Baseline to Pre	32	0.69	0.16	1.21	2.59	0.46	0.0114^*
	Pre to Post	27	0.23	–0.36	0.82	0.78	.	0.4355
	Post to Follow-up	17	0.25	–0.53	1.03	0.63	.	0.5285
	Pre to Follow-up	17	0.48	–0.38	1.34	1.11	.	0.2691

SDNN: standard deviation normal to normal beat intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive normal to normal beat interval differences; LS Mean: pairwise least squares mean change values; 95% CI LL: 95% confidence interval lower limit; 95% CI UL: 95% confidence interval upper limit; d_z: Cohen’s d for effect size of paired differences; t: test statistic; p: p-value for post-hoc pairwise comparisons. ^*Bonferroni-corrected significance level α_B = 0.0125.