TABLE 2.
Effects of free access to a broad contraceptive method mix
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Women | Current Contraceptive Users | |||||
| Modern Contraceptive Use | LARC Use | Decision-Making | ||||
| GBM | Logit | GBM | Logit | GBM | Logit | |
| Treat (free access) |
0.032* [0.006,0.058] |
0.029* [0.002,0.055] |
−0.029 [−0.066,0.007] |
−0.038* [−0.075,−0.000] |
0.013 [−0.021,0.047] |
0.012 [−0.021,0.045] |
| Age | 0.003 [−0.022,0.028] |
0.010 [−0.016,0.036] |
−0.008 [−0.048,0.033] |
−0.005 [−0.047,0.037] |
0.018 [−0.013,0.049] |
0.022 [−0.010,0.053] |
| Urban | −0.002*** [−0.003,−0.001] |
−0.002*** [−0.003,−0.001] |
0.000 [−0.003,0.003] |
0.000 [−0.003,0.004] |
0.002** [0.001,0.004] |
0.002** [0.001,0.004] |
| Education (base = no schooling) | ||||||
| Primary school | 0.047*** [0.026,0.069] |
0.032* [0.003,0.061] |
0.011 [−0.025,0.047] |
0.014 [−0.025,0.053] |
−0.010 [−0.041,0.021] |
−0.012 [−0.043,0.018] |
| Secondary school | 0.048** [0.018,0.078] |
0.030 [−0.006,0.067] |
−0.033 [−0.076,0.011] |
−0.022 [−0.063,0.020] |
0.012 [−0.016,0.040] |
0.012 [−0.016,0.039] |
| Tertiary school | 0.045** [0.011,0.079] |
0.025 [−0.017,0.066] |
0.019 [−0.039,0.077] |
0.025 [−0.039,0.089] |
0.000 [−0.036,0.036] |
0.001 [−0.035,0.036] |
| Marital status (base = never married) | ||||||
| Married | 0.270*** [0.240,0.299] |
0.257*** [0.224,0.290] |
0.084** [0.023,0.146] |
0.087** [0.029,0.144] |
0.029 [−0.015,0.072] |
0.029 [−0.015,0.072] |
| Cohabiting | 0.243*** [0.205,0.280] |
0.239*** [0.200,0.279] |
0.060 [−0.010,0.130] |
0.074 [−0.003,0.151] |
0.060* [0.004,0.117] |
0.063* [0.004,0.122] |
| Divorced or separated | 0.108*** [0.073,0.143] |
0.095*** [0.055,0.134] |
0.159*** [0.076,0.241] |
0.158*** [0.077,0.240] |
0.094*** [0.050,0.138] |
0.094*** [0.049,0.138] |
| Widow | −0.006 [−0.042,0.030] |
−0.019 [−0.057,0.018] |
0.053 [−0.065,0.171] |
0.089 [−0.049,0.226] |
0.055 [−0.012,0.121] |
0.056 [−0.010,0.121] |
| Wealth index quintile (base = lowest) | ||||||
| Lower quintile | 0.059*** [0.033,0.084] |
0.064*** [0.037,0.091] |
−0.046* [−0.089,−0.003] |
−0.033 [−0.075,0.010] |
−0.033 [−0.076,0.011] |
−0.035 [−0.074,0.004] |
| Middle quintile | 0.052*** [0.021,0.083] |
0.050** [0.018,0.083] |
−0.052* [−0.102,−0.002] |
−0.042 [−0.094,0.010] |
−0.023 [−0.055,0.009] |
−0.030* [−0.060,−0.000] |
| Higher quintile | 0.093*** [0.057,0.129] |
0.097*** [0.059,0.134] |
−0.036 [−0.087,0.014] |
−0.033 [−0.086,0.020] |
−0.053* [−0.096,−0.010] |
−0.060** [−0.104,−0.017] |
| Highest quintile | 0.078*** [0.045,0.112] |
0.081*** [0.046,0.116] |
0.020 [−0.039,0.079] |
0.025 [−0.036,0.087] |
−0.019 [−0.054,0.016] |
−0.028 [−0.062,0.006] |
| Family planning knowledge score | 0.051*** [0.045,0.058] |
0.054*** [0.047,0.061] |
0.019** [0.007,0.030] |
0.016* [0.004,0.028] |
0.006 [−0.002,0.015] |
0.006 [−0.002,0.015] |
| Family planning information | 0.006 [−0.000,0.013] |
0.006 [−0.000,0.013] |
−0.001 [−0.012,0.010] |
0.000 [−0.011,0.011] |
−0.001 [−0.010,0.007] |
−0.001 [−0.010,0.007] |
| Fertility preference (base = prefer more children) | ||||||
| Prefer no more child | 0.017 [−0.004,0.038] |
0.014 [−0.007,0.034] |
0.032* [0.003,0.061] |
0.034* [0.005,0.064] |
−0.015 [−0.036,0.006] |
−0.011 [−0.033,0.010] |
| Family planning provider (base = public sector) | ||||||
| private sector | -- | -- | −0.290*** [−0.317,−0.263] |
−0.281*** [−0.309,−0.252] |
−0.033* [−0.062,−0.004] |
−0.031* [−0.059,−0.002] |
| NGO | -- | -- | 0.083 [−0.094,0.260] |
0.085 [−0.089,0.260] |
−0.057 [−0.177,0.064] |
−0.059 [−0.178,0.061] |
| other | -- | -- | −0.347*** [−0.385,−0.308] |
−0.348*** [−0.385,−0.311] |
−0.072* [−0.137,−0.008] |
−0.087* [−0.162,−0.012] |
| Number of observations | 29833 | 29833 | 8464 | 8464 | 8464 | 8464 |
| Control mean | 0.244 | 0.244 | 0.303 | 0.303 | 0.890 | 0.890 |
95% confidence intervals in brackets
LARC: long-acting reversible contraceptives, including implants and intrauterine devices. Decision-making: whether respondent participated in the decision on contraceptive method. Logistic regression models report average marginal effects and include country fixed effects. Propensity weights generated from generalized boosted models (GBM) or logistic models were applied to adjust for observed differences by treatment status.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001