TABLE 3.
Ethnomedicinal usage of the plants in Hasankeyf.
| Family | Botanical name, herbarium, or collector number | Local name | Plant part (s) used | Preparation | Utilization method | Therapeutic effect/ailments treated | UV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiantaceae |
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. ISTE 116163 |
Pore fatme (K), şaar, cıbbar (A) |
Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Diuretic, abdominal pain, antitussive, cardiac diseases, shortness of breath | 0.03 |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Allium ampeloprasum L. ISTE 116272 |
Sîrik, sîrim, sîrikapenir (K) | Leaves Bulbs |
Fresh | Eaten External |
Antihypertensive Eye burning |
0.04 |
| a Allium cepa L. | Basal (A), pîvaz (K) | Bulb | Fresh Fresh Onion juice with soap, direct |
Eaten External Smelling Dropped into the ear |
Galactagogue, Removing inflammations caused by plant spines on the skin and removing the spines Respiratory tract Ear pain |
0.29 | |
|
Allium kharputense
Freyn and Sint. ISTE 115344 |
Sîrim, surım, solyask, sorelask (K) | Bulb, leaves | Crushed | External (to the eyelids) | Eye pain | 0.05 | |
| a Allium sativum L. | Sîr (K), ŝum, fum (A) | Bulbils | Fresh With salt Added to olive oil |
Eaten External Internal [1 × (1)2, mh] External |
Eye diseases, antihypertensive, Toothache Stomachache Alopecia |
0.21 | |
|
Allium scorodoprasum L. ISTE 116125 |
Sîrik, sîrim, sîrimapenir (K) | Bulbils, leaves | Crushed | External | Eye burning | 0.03 | |
| Anacardiaceae |
Pistacia palaestina Boiss. ISTE 115361 |
Bıttım (A), qezwan (K) | Fruits | Crushed | Prepared soap External |
Hair loss, hair care, skin care | 0.17 |
|
Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt. ISTE 115361 |
Bıttım (A), qezwan, benik (K) | Resin Fruits |
Chewing Crushed |
Internal As coffee |
Lung and liver diseases Delighting |
0.16 | |
|
Rhus coriaria L. ISTE 115365 |
Sumaq, sımaq (A, K), tirş (K) | Fruits | Infusion | Gargle Internal |
Mouth sore Antidiarrheic, antiemetic, digestion problems |
0.23 | |
| Apiaceae |
a
Pimpinella anisum L. HSF27 |
Elison (K) | Fruits | Infusion | Internal | Carminative (children) | 0.08 |
|
Scandix stellata Banks and Sol. ISTE 115038 |
Ziçirk (K) | Aerial parts | Fresh | Eaten | Digestion troubles | 0.03 | |
| Araceae |
Arum rupicola Boiss. ISTE115336 |
Kardî (K), nubê (A) | Leaves | Cooked, dried then cooked | Eaten | Antitussive, menstrual pain | 0.17 |
|
Biarum sp. HSF19 |
Lopka kocabatri (K) | Dried underground parts | Powdered | Internal (1 ts) | Antidiarrheic, hemorrhoids | 0.04 | |
| Asteraceae |
Achillea aleppica DC. ISTE 117182 |
Kulilka maran, kulilka zer (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1/2, h) | Stomachache | 0.06 |
|
Achillea arabica Kotschy ISTE117183 |
Kulilka maran, kulilka zer (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1/2, h) | Stomachache | 0.08 | |
|
Chondrilla juncea L. ISTE 116120 |
Giyayêbenuşta (K) | Latex of root | Fresh | Eaten | Liver troubles | 0.01 | |
|
Cota altissima (L.) J. Gay ISTE 116117 |
Beybanuç, beybun (A, K) | Inflorescences | Infusion | Internal | Abdominal pain, common cold, antitussive | 0.08 | |
|
Cota austriaca (Jacq.) Sch. Bip. ISTE 116150 |
Beybanuç, beybun (A, K) | Aerial parts | Decoction | Internal | Abdominal pain, common cold, antitussive | 0,08 | |
|
Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay ISTE 115673 |
Giyayêzer (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal [1 × (1)2, h] | Cardiac diseases, shortness of breath | 0.09 | |
|
Echinops orientalis Trautv. ISTE 116276 |
Serteşik, sitrik (K) | Aerial parts Inflorescences |
Direct | External (prick) | Bloodletting | 0.02 | |
|
Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch. Bip. ISTE 115341 |
Beybanuç (A,K), giyayêseva, gihaseva (K) | Aerial parts | Decoction | Internal [1 × (1)2, h] | Abdominal pain, menstrual pain, antitussive (two times a day), afterpains, common cold, antitussive | 0.44 | |
| Boraginaceae |
Anchusa azurea Mill. ISTE 115383 |
Gûriz (A, K) | Aerial parts Leaves Flowers |
Crushed Sucked |
External | Snake bite Regulate the taste of the mouth |
0.22 |
| Anchusa strigosa Banks and Sol. ISTE 115371 | Gûriz (A, K) | Leaves | Infusion | Internal | Painkiller | 0.24 | |
|
Cerinthe minor L. ISTE 115395 |
Gayebej, gobelk (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Delighting | 0.007 | |
| Brassicaceae |
Lepidium draba L. ISTE115376 |
Xardal, qinêbêr, qunêberk (K), xerdıl (A) |
Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Vomitive (children), abdominal pain | 0.17 |
|
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ISTE 115436 |
Tuzik, tüzik, Tûzîk (K) |
Aerial parts | Fresh | Eaten | Appetizing, abdominal pain | 0.06 | |
|
Sinapis alba L. ISTE115438 |
Xerdel, xerdal (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Vomitive (children) | 0.08 | |
|
Sinapis arvensis L. ISTE 116285 |
Xerdel, xerdal (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Vomitive (children) | 0.06 | |
| Cannabaceae |
Celtis tournefortii Lam. ISTE 116195 |
Gengeres (A), taew, taav (K) | Fruits | Crushed then added to grape molasses Crushed or fresh |
Eaten Eaten |
Boosting the immune system Abdominal pain |
0.01 |
| Capparaceae |
Capparis sicula Veill. ISTE 115419 |
Kember, kemberok, kemberok, kember, inok (K), şefellk, welleh (A) |
Leaves Buds |
Infusion Crashed |
Internal External |
Antitussive, stomachache Rheumatism, hand injuries, foot pain |
0.08 |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Gypsophila pallida Stapf ISTE 116119 |
Giyayêhelavê (K) | Roots | Powdered and added to grape molasses | Eaten | Boosting the immune system | 0.01 |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Bryonia aspera Stev. ex Ledeb. ISTE 116189 |
Xezirvik, xezrowîk, xerzukrivi (K) | Fruit | Fresh | Eaten | Diabetes | 0.11 |
| a Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai | Zebeş (K) | Bark of fruits | Dried and powdered | Internal | Abdominal pain | 0.06 | |
| Cupressaceae |
Juniperus oxycedrus L. ISTE 116155 |
Hêvrist (K) | Branches | Burned and smoke | Inhalation | Respiratory disorders | 0.06 |
| Convolvulaceae |
Cuscuta babylonica Aucher ex Choisy ISTE 116177 |
Iqşut (A, K) | Aerial parts | Decoction | Internal | Cardiac diseases | 0.02 |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea communis L. ISTE 115421 |
Darhablelek, derheblenek (K) | Fruits Fruits Underground parts |
Burned, Powdered and added water Fresh |
Inhalation as frankincense Dropped into the ear (1 ts) External |
Toothache Ear pain Arthralgia, rheumatism |
0.09 |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. ISTE 115404 |
Xulişîrik (K) | Latex | Yogurt yeast Direct |
Eaten (yogurt) External |
Constipation Psoriasis, dermatophyte, toothache |
0.15 |
|
Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. ISTE 116165 |
Xulişîrik (K) | Latex | Yogurt yeast Direct |
Yogurt eaten External |
Constipation Psoriasis, dermatophyte, toothache |
0.12 | |
| Fabaceae |
a
Cicer arietinum L. HSF15 |
Nakareş (K), hımmısısut (A) | Seeds | Decoction | Internal | Antidiarrheic, wormer | 0.10 |
|
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. ISTE 115667 |
Sûs, sus (A, K) | Roots | Maceration | Internal Internal (1 × 1, mh) |
Wormer, stomachache, abdominal pain, Against nausea |
0.13 | |
|
Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) J.F. Macbr. ISTE 116175 |
Xarnuf (A), xurnuf (K) | Fruits, seeds | Decoction | Internal | Diabetes, antihypertensive | 0.09 | |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus brantii Lindl. ISTE 115423 |
Balot (A), baru, beru (K) | Fruits Leaves |
Cooking in embers or fresh Infusion |
Eaten [1 × 3 (4)] Internal |
Diabetes Diabetes |
0.34 |
|
Quercus libani Oliv. ISTE 115422 |
Balot (A), baru, beru (K) | Fruits Leaves |
Fresh Infusion |
Eaten (1 × 3, h) Internal |
Diabetes Diabetes, antitussive, common cold |
0.09 | |
| Hypericaceae |
Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra ISTE 115426 |
Botav (K) | Aerial parts Flowers |
Infusion Direct |
— External (1 × 1, n) |
Liver disorders, diabetes Eye contours, eye pain |
0.25 |
| Lamiaceae |
Cyclotrichium leucotrichus
(Stapf ex Rech. F.) Leblebici ISTE 116168 |
Rehan cebel (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Antitussive | 0.03 |
|
Melissa officinalis L. ISTE 116136 |
Giyakî çolê, giyaye tirş (K) | Dried or fresh leaves Aerial parts |
Infusion | Internal Internal (1 × 1, 1–2 tgs) |
Sedative Headache, respiratory disorders, abdominal pain |
0.06 | |
|
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. subsp. typhides (Briq.) Harley ISTE 116164 |
Pûng (K), pûnge (A) | Dried or fresh leaves Leaves |
Infusion Fresh |
External (1 × 1) Eaten |
Abdominal pain, shortness of breath, halitosis, antitussive, common cold, menstrual disorders, infertility Rheumatism Halitosis |
0.37 | |
|
Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Letsw. ISTE 116162 |
Rehan cebel (A), rehan (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Antitussives | 0.09 | |
|
Salvia multicaulis Vahl. ISTE 115391 |
Rihan, giyaçaye, Çaye gahye, siraketin (K) |
Fruits | Infusion | Internal | Urinary problems, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, bronchitis | 0.19 | |
|
Salvia palaestina Benth. ISTE 116158 |
Giyaçaye (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal | Abdominal pain, menstrual pain | 0.08 | |
|
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. bornmuelleri (Hausskn. Ex Bornm.) Edmondson ISTE 116124 |
Giyatâl (K) | Aerial parts | Dried, crush added sugar | Internal (1 × 1, ts, h) | Diabetes | 0.03 | |
|
Sideritis libanotica Labill. ISTE117181 |
Qirşika şin, şirtik, şirtika şin, giyayê hêjîre (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | As tea | Abdominal pain, diabetes | 0.10 | |
|
Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum (Celak.) Rech. f. ISTE 115393 |
Giyatâl (K) | Aerial parts, leaves Leaves |
Infusion | Internal (1 × 1) Internal (1 × w) |
Diabetes, postnatal drip Diabetes, urinary problems |
0.03 | |
|
Teucrium polium L. ISTE 116130 |
Bojdank, giyatâl (K), cede (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion Decoction Dried, powdered Boiled, as paste |
Internal (1 × 1) Internal (1 × 1, ts) Internal (1 ts, mh) External |
Diabetes, hemorrhoids Abdominal pain, Diabetes, urinary problems Eye pain |
0.47 | |
|
Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. and Azn. ISTE 116194 |
Cahter, catir (K), zahter (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1) | Afterpains, antitussive, common cold, flu, abdominal pain, stomachache | 0.19 | |
|
Thymbra spicata L. ISTE 116206 |
Cahter (K), zahter (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1) | Afterpains, antitussive, common cold, flu, abdominal pain, stomachache | 0.17 | |
|
Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. and Hohen. ISTE 116205 |
Cahter (K) | Leaves | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1) | Abdominal pain, afterpains, antitussive, common cold, flu, stomachache, throat ache | 0.06 | |
| Lythraceae |
a
Punica granatum L. ISTE 116133 |
Hînar (K), rımman (A) | Flowers | Crushed | Eaten (mh) | Hemorrhoids, stomachache | 0.12 |
| Malvaceae | Alcea setosa (Boiss.) Alef.ISTE 115363 | Hîro (K), xıtmi (A) | Aerial parts Roots Aerial parts |
Dried and powdered added to bath water Dried and crushed parts with milk |
External Internal |
Hair care, skin disorders Throat ache, antitussive, bronchitis |
0.28 |
|
Alcea digitata (Boiss.) Alef. ISTE 116148 |
Hîro (K), xıtmi (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion of dried and crushed parts with milk | Internal (mh) | Throat ache, antitussive, bronchitis | 0.10 | |
|
Althaea cannabina L. ISTE 116157 |
Hîro (K), xıtmi (A) | Aerial parts | Infusion of dried and crushed parts with milk Infusion of dried and crushed parts with milk |
Internal (mh) Internal |
Throat ache Antitussive, bronchitis |
0.11 | |
|
Malva neglecta Wallr. ISTE 115390 |
Tolık, tolik (K), tolıkê (A) | Aerial parts | Decoction | Internal | Abdominal pain, common cold | 0.25 | |
|
Malva nicaeensis All. ISTE 115412 |
Tolık, tolik (K), tolıkê (A) | Aerial parts | Decoction | Internal | Abdominal pain, common cold | 0.18 | |
|
a
Tilia cordata Mill. HSF10 |
Ixlamur (A, K) | Inflorescences | Decoction, infusion | Internal | Throat ache, antitussive, bronchitis | 0.21 | |
| Moraceae | a Ficus carica L. subsp. carica ISTE 116199 | Hêjîr, hejîr (K), tinê (A) | Leaves Fruit Latex Leaves |
Decoction Fresh Fresh |
External Eaten External |
Haemorrhoids, wart Intestinal disorders Toothache Eye pain |
0.19 |
|
a
Morus nigra L. ISTE 116149 |
Tuye reş, tuye şemme (K) | Fruits | Fresh | Eaten (h) Eaten |
Wormer Anticancer, hematinic |
0.06 | |
| Oleaceae |
a
Olea europaea L. HSF14 |
Zaytun (A), zeytûn (K) | Leaves | Infusion | Internal (1 × 1, mh) | To defuse | 0.05 |
| Papaveraceae |
Papaver glaucum
Boiss. and Hausskn. ISTE 115338 |
Xicxicok, xacxacok, xecxecoka şehika (K) | Aerial parts | Crashed, as paste | External | Inflamed wound, abdominal pain | 0.10 |
|
Papaver macrostomum
Boiss. and A. Huet ISTE 115082 |
Xicxicok, xacxacok, xecxecoka pîrçika (K) | Aerial parts | Crushed, as paste | External | Inflamed wound, abdominal pain | 0.06 | |
| Plantaginaceae |
Plantago major L. ISTE 117180 |
Palhavez, pelhevez (K) | Leaves | Fresh | External | Inflamed wound, Removing inflammations caused by plant spines on the skin and removing the spines |
0.15 |
| Platanaceae | a Platanus orientalis L. | Çinar (K) | Leaves | Infusion | Internal (1 × 2) | Rheumatism, arthrolith | 0.07 |
| Poaceae |
a
Hordeum vulgare L. ISTE 115429 |
Ca, ceh (K) | Fruits | Decoction | Internal | Pass a kidney stone, diuretic | 0.08 |
| Portulacaceae |
a
Portulaca oleracea L. ISTE 116209 |
Parparik pirpar (K), pırperê (A) | Aerial parts | Fresh | Eaten | Constipation | 0.05 |
| Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculus cornutus DC. ISTE 115416 |
Kunamella (K) | Aerial parts | Fresh, crushed | External | Inflamed wound | 0.13 |
|
Ranunculus millefolius Banks and Sol. ISTE 116144 |
Kulilke zer (K) | Aerial parts | Crushed | External | Inflamed wound | 0.09 | |
| Rhamnaceae | Paliurus spina-christi Mill. ISTE 115346 | Driyesor, stiri (K) | Fruits Branches |
Crushed, added to milk Kept on fair, flowing sap |
Internal External |
Antitussive Toothache |
0.06 |
| Rosaceae |
a
Amygdalus communis L. ISTE 115435 |
Behîve tal, behîve tal (K) | Fruits | Crushed | External | Mouth sore (children) | 0.14 |
|
Prunus orientalis (Mill.) Koehne ISTE 116185 |
Behîva eşk (K) | Fruits | Fresh | Eaten | Diabetes | 0.03 | |
| a Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Beh (K) | Fruits | Fresh | Inhalation | Sedative | 0.007 | |
| a Persica vulgaris Mill. (L.) Batsch | Xox (K) | Seeds Leaves |
Powdered then added to breast milk Infusion |
Dropped into the ear (1 × 2, 3 drs) Dropped into the ear [1 × (2)3, 3 drs] |
Ear pain Ear pain |
0.03 | |
|
Rosa canina L. ISTE 116128 |
Gulşîlan, gulşilav (K) | Flowers Fruits |
Infusion Decoction |
Internal Internal |
Constipation Abdominal pain, antitussive |
0.17 | |
|
Rubus sanctus Schreb. ISTE 115439 |
Awsâç (A), dirîreşk, dirîreşik, turêşk (K) | Fruits | Fresh | Eaten | Renal disorders hematinic | 0.08 | |
| Salicaceae |
a
Salix alba L. ISTE 116126 |
Bî (K) | Leaves Branches, barks |
Decoction Infusion |
Internal | Antitussive Antitussive, common cold, flu |
0.09 |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Verbascum sp. ISTE 115420 |
Balûtkefir (A) | Leaves | Crashed | External | Inflamed wound | 0.08 |
| Solanaceae |
Hyoscyamus albus L. ISTE 115364 |
Benc, penc, tûtinkosa, tûtinkasa (K) | Seeds Leaves |
Powdered then added to breast milk Fresh or powdered Crashed Infusion |
Dropped into the ear External External Internal |
Ear pain Inflamed wound, to remove inflammation caused by spines in the skin and to remove the spines, athlete’s foot, acne Eye redness Stomachache |
0.20 |
| a Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. | Balcana sor (K) | Fruits | Fresh | External | Fly bite, scorpion sting | 0.03 | |
|
Solanum americanum Mill. ISTE 116154 |
Kulike benav (K) | Fruits | Dried, powdered, burned | Keeping the ear over the smoke | Ear problems | 0.03 | |
| a Solanum tuberosum L. | Kartol (K) | Tubers | Planed and filtered juice | Internal (1 × 1, mh) | Stomachache | 0.03 | |
| Theaceae | a Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Çay (T) | Leaves | Infusion, added yogurt | Internal | Antidiarrheic | 0.08 |
| Urticaceae |
Urtica dioica L. ISTE 115408 |
Gezgezok, gezo, gezgezk (K), qırrez (A) | Aerial parts | Fresh Infusion Fresh Fresh |
External Internal (1 × 3) External External |
Rheumatism, itching Anticancer, anti-inflammatory Hair loss Hemostatic |
0.39 |
|
Urtica pilulifera L. ISTE 115339 |
Gezgezok, gezo, gezgezk (K), qırrez (A) | Whole parts Aerial parts |
Fresh Infusion with fruit of R. coriaria |
External Internal (1 × 3) External |
Anti-inflammatory, rheumatism, itching Diabetes, anticancer, antitussive Hemostatic |
0.07 | |
| Vitaceae |
a
Vitis vinifera L. ISTE 115381 |
Anup (A), mêw, tirîyi mezruni (K) | Fruits | Molasses | Eaten | Boosting the immune system, antitussive | 0.04 |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Tribulus terrestris L. ISTE 117179 |
Seddinank, seddirank (K) | Aerial parts | Infusion | Internal (1 × 2) | Diabetes, stomach disorders, urinary disorders | 0.22 |
| Stereocaulaceae |
Leptogium sp. HSF20 |
Hinatirk, hennatitîk, hınatitk (K) | Whole parts | Powder | External | Dying hairs and hands, against diaper rash, inflammation, dermatophyte | 0.23 |
a
Cultivated plants.
Plant numbers: HSF, Hasankeyf; ISTE, Herbarium of Istanbul University’s Faculty of Pharmacy.
Local names: A, Arabic; K, Kurdish; T, Turkish.
Utilization methods: drs, drops; h, hungry; mh, morning hungry; n, night; tgs, tea glasses; ts, teaspoon; 1 × 1, once a day; 1 × (1)2, once a day or twice a day; 1 × 2, twice a day; 1 × (2)3, twice a day or three times a day; 1 × 3, three times a day; 1 × 3 (4), three times a day or four times a day; 1 × w, once a week.