Table 1.

Information from selected studies.

AUTHOR/YEAR	TITLE	INDEXED JOURNAL	MAIN FOUNDED TOPICS
Dost et al. (2020)	Attitudes Of Anesthesiology Specialists And Residents Toward Patients Infected With The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A National Survey Study	Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)	Anesthesiology specialists and residents should be protected during the performance of procedures with exposure to aerosols, associated with the incorporation of guidelines and fluxograms assisting in the approaches addressed, such as maintenance in ventilatory support; the promotion of courses aimed at technical improvement in orotracheal intubation to guarantee the safety of professionals and the patient, as well as reducing panic to health care team, which causes anxiety and psychological distress.
Raurell-Torredà et al. (2020)	Reflexiones Derivadas De La Pandemia COVID-19	Enferm. Intensiva	Recommendations for the correct handling of PPE and measures to reduce the contagion of the nursing staff during the management of patients are described, such as how to keep a short time during the performance of invasive measures and with exposure material that can be potentially contaminating. It is also recognized as an error faced by the Spanish health system during the pandemic the failure to recognize the medical-surgeon specialty of nurses in intensive care, the shortage of PPE, and the work overload faced by active nurses.
Zaka et al. (2020)	COVID-19 Pandemic As A Watershed Moment: A Call For Systematic Psychological Health Care For Frontline Medical Staff	Journal Health Psychology	Front-line professionals express a high risk of developing burnout, psychological suffering, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, among other psychological traumas, because of the exhaustive routine in which they are experiencing, and it is necessary to carry out personal-psychological monitoring, directed to the demands of each subject and in the long term to avoid or mitigate these impacts on the social life of this group.
Senni (2020)	COVID-19 experience in Bergamo, Italy	European Heart Journal	Doctors have been experiencing a lot of stress' situations in which the maintenance of the safety of these workers is made a priority, with the adequate supply of personal safety materials, the adjustment of the hospital organization for the care of positive COVID-19 patients, changing the way of screening these patients, and the acquisition of telemedicine in the care, and monitoring of cardiac patients who were managed in the service
Yager et al. (2020)	Repurposing a Pediatric ICU for Adults	The New England Journal Of Medicine	The modification of the care provided by the pediatric ICU team to approach COVID-19 adult patients was seen as a great challenge, with gaps in the technical knowledge for approaching new patients. This situation was remedied by the acquisition of therapeutic measures directed at these patients and, mainly, by the preservation of the constitution of the ICU team, which was fundamental for the success in the rapid transition and for maintaining the team's morale.
Romanò (2020)	Fra cure intensive e cure palliative ai tempi di CoViD-19	Recenti Progressi In Medicina	The disproportion in the requirement and availability of ventilators and ICU beds is causing anguish in the medical team. The change in the way the patient is selected and admitted to the ICU in this pandemic moment is the best way to mitigate and try to adapt the work performed to the demand. Clinical criteria such as clinical severity, presence of comorbidities, age, cognitive and functional status, and the presence of organ failure are parameters evaluated in association with ethical aspects such as equity, equality, and distributive justice. In this sense, patients who do not meet these criteria and reveal a poor prognosis should be submitted to the best palliative treatment, as well as maintaining psychological support to the families of these victims and workers to avoid psychological problems such as PTSD.
Wu et al. (2020)	Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID-19 and adjustment strategy	Journal of medical virology	Comparing the level of psychological stress between 2110 medical teams and 2158 university students across Chinese territory, Wuhan health professionals demonstrated higher levels of stress compared to workers in other provinces and students. A higher score was highlighted for aspects such as thinking of being sick or in constant danger, unsatisfactory sleep, concern for the health of family members, need for psychological counseling, and less hope for the victory of the situation experienced.
Santarone et al. (2020)	Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19	The American journal of emergency medicine	Experiencing a high number of deaths of friends and patients leads to mental exhaustion, which is associated with the social self-isolation of the family and which contributes negatively to the psychological health of front-line workers. This situation creates a risk for the development of depression and suicide. In this sense, attitudes such as reducing the workload and providing individualized psychological support and conditions for rest to mitigate these impacts are imperative.
Ferreira et al. (2020)	Profissionalismo Médico e o Contrato Social: Reflexões acerca da Pandemia de COVID-19	Acta Med Port	It is believed to be the duty of the doctor to be ready in times of crisis. This idea is consolidated through the social contract, which governs the rights and duties of the doctor-society binomial. Thus, support and social recognition are relevant characteristics to stimulate and preserve the resilience of these professionals, enabling the full performance of their work activities, even when their integrity is at risk.
El-Hage et al. (2020)	El-Hage et al. (2020) Les professionnels de santé face à la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19): quels risques pour leur santé mentale ?	Encephale	The identification of factors linked to the pathogen, such as high virulence and little scientific knowledge about it, conditions associated with work dynamics, such as the scarcity of PPE and technologies for the management of affected patients, as well as the psychological implications in which professionals of the front-line are likely to develop, such as depression, PTSD, suicide, anxiety, and others, are relevant to dictate the measures that should be taken to help this group in facing the pandemic and to enable the planning and the construction of models of primary and secondary prevention of psychological damage in health workers in the face of future situations of crises.
Hou et al. (2020)	Social support and mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: A moderated mediation model	PloS one	Resilience is seen as an individual protective factor and as a mediator in the relationship between social support and mental well-being of health workers. Besides, among the 1472 professionals interviewed, there were a greater dependence and correlation between resilience and psychological integrity in young people compared to middle-aged workers, who demonstrated that social recognition and experience acquired in other epidemics are relevant factors to face the COVID-19 pandemic.
Blake et al. (2020)	Mitigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers: A Digital Learning Package	International journal of environmental research and public health	The development of a digital package aimed at the immediate needs of the health team and their families during the pandemic period, containing knowledge about communication between leaders and staff, social support, self-care strategies, emotion management, and provision of individual psychological support was well evaluated by users and it was indicated as a model for other environments owing to the benefits created, as practicality and low cost.
Maben and Bridges (2020)	Covid-19: Supporting nurses' psychological and mental health	Journal of clinical nursing	Nurses are considered the most negatively affected group in their physical, social, and mental aspects in the face of the pandemic, given their close contact with patients and the development of risk tasks, such as changing the position and collecting secretion from the airways of patients. . Thus, despite the importance of social support, the premises required by nurses must be recognized and changed by their superiors, such as the provision of places for rest, the reduction of work shifts, the guarantee of PPE, and the preservation of the constitution of the team to guarantee the dialogue between its members, the trust, and to reinforce the resilience.
Greenberg et al. (2020)	Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic	BMJ (Clinical research ed.)	Health professionals are more susceptible to moral injury and the development of mental problems due to the actions taken against COVID-19. In this context, health managers must act for the well-being of the team, for example, being direct and sincere to maintain a bond of trust and to reduce the tensions of the health care team, being open and listening to the needs identified by them, and promoting long-term psychological monitoring of professionals, to identify and treat such psychological problems. Employees who maintain a good relationship with each other are able to face this moment in a better way, and it is important to the maintenance of the team.
Piccinni et al. (2020)	Considerazioni etiche, deontologiche e giuridiche sul Documento SIAARTI “Raccomandazioni de ética clinica per I'ammissone a trattamenti intensivi e per la loro sospensione, in condizioni eccezionali di squilibrio tra necessità e risorse disponibili”	Recenti Prog Med	Due to the imbalance between the need and availability of resources in ICU, the document SIAARTI guides the medical team to the conducts addressed, relieving them of the responsibility regarding the reallocation of resources, and exposing to society which criteria is evaluated in these decisions, such as the age of the patient, his comorbidities and current prognosis. This allows the current medical conduct to be considered in the light of ethics and justice that focus on the possibility of saving the biggest number of patients who present clinical conditions for this, given the scarcity of materials and high demand experienced today.
Shen et al. (2020)	Psychological stress of ICU nurses in the time of COVID-19	Critical care (London, England)	Because of the heavy workload, the fatigue, the disagreements with family members of patients, and the social discrimination due to contact with Sars-CoV-2 carriers, nurses, especially the youngest, are more vulnerable to depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and low income at work. To change this reality, psychological interventions, stimulation to express feelings, familiarization with some procedures, encouragement to social support, creation of online groups to debate behaviors, and adaptation of working hours interspersed with moments of leisure, are attitudes consistent in promoting mental well-being.
Shah et al. (2020)	How Essential Is to Focus on Physician's Health and Burnout in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic?	Cureus	Naturally, doctors are the professionals with the highest Burnout rates, and COVID-19 is increasing the feeling of exhaustion and mental problems, such as anxiety, in this group. Thus, the provision of subsidies to rest, to study, and to protect the health of doctors is essential, associated with the improvement in the screening of patients, the acquisition of updated guidelines orienting about conducts, and the new members to compose the medical team, as well as the promotion of the telemedicine, the telepsychiatry, and the support to resident physicians are ways to overcome the adversities experienced in this pandemic.
Rana et al. (2020)	Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak	Asian journal of psychiatry	Fears, anxieties, panic attacks, social stigmatization, depressive tendencies, and sleep problems are some manifestations that Pakistani doctors demonstrate and can last in the short as well as the long term. Thus, to appease these negative conditions in the short term, and to promote mental quality, hospitals have modified the shift system, offering accommodation conditions and psychological counseling, while ways of screening these professionals are implemented for a long-term approach supported by a specialized health mental team.
Pappa et al. (2020)	Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis	Brain, behavior, and immunity	After the start of the pandemic, the prevalence of anxiety in front-line workers is around 23.2%, while depression is 22.8%, and insomnia is 38.9%. Besides, it is observed that the subgroup of female nurses is the most affected when compared to men and the medical staff. In this sense, is ratified the importance of promoting actions aimed at preserving the physical and mental health of health care team.
Zerbo et al. (2020)	The medico-legal implications in medical malpractice claims during Covid-19 pandemic: Increase or trend reversal?	Medico-Legal Journal	The difficulty faced in current public health encompasses structural issues, knowledge about the activity and manifestations of the coronavirus, shortage of PPE, low experience of the team in the management of the clinical conditions that COVID-19 causes, and lack of ICU supplies for all patients. In this way, some medical practices considered neglectful, such as the reallocation of resources to save those patients with a better clinical picture at the expense of the others, are reviewed and must be adapted to the crisis reality experienced. At this moment, it is not up to judge medical conduct based on a non-pandemic situation.
Walton et al. (2020)	Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic	European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care,	Acute stress reactions, moral injury, and PTSD are some characteristics that the front-line team can reveal at this time of pandemic. However, these manifestations should be approached with care and attention, and should not be considered diseases because they are typical attitudes of those who face a crisis. In this sense, promoting resilience and addressing the team's requirements, through open dialogue with health managers, is essential to overcome these impacts today; associated with the creation of psychological support and screening during and after a pandemic to remedy the persistence of psychological problems reported by these workers.
Mukhtar (2020)	Mental health and emotional impact of COVID-19: Applying Health Belief Model for medical staff to general public of Pakistan	Brain, behavior, and immunity	The belief model developed in Pakistan aims to promote and increase the resilience of the health team, allowing them to face the adverse conditions of the new routine while the individual has the autonomy to perceive the conditions that can cause him mental suffering, to formulate ways to express their emotions and to create tactics to overcome the obstacles found.
Raurell-Torredà (2020)	Management of icu nursing teams during the covid-19 pandemic. Gestión de los equipos de enfermería de uci durante la pandemia covid-19	Enfermeria intensiva	The disproportion in the number of patients seen during the pandemic and the small number of nurses is one of the main conditions that mark the exhaustion of these professionals. Thus, a new dynamic must be carried out to equalize the number of patients to the number of nurses, as well as the hiring of physiotherapists, specialized in intensive care, to reduce the number of tasks performed by nurses.
Rubio et al. (2020)	Recomendaciones éticas para la toma de decisiones difíciles en las unidades de cuidados intensivos ante la situación excepcional de crisis por la pandemia por COVID-19: revisión rápida y consenso de expertos	Med Intensiva	The allocation of resources or the prioritization of treatment in ICUs becomes a crucial element, and it is relevant to have an ethical reference structure in order to be able to make the necessary clinical decisions. Therefore, algorithms with norms are formulated to improve organizational conditions, availability of inputs, characteristics and health status of the patients approached and ethical decisions made; such as the formulation of contingency plans, holistic analysis of the patient, considering not only biological age, and actions based on the principle of distributive justice and proportionality.
Cai et al. (2020)	A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease (2019	Asian journal of psychiatry	Front-line health care professionals are experiencing a high tendency to a psychological abnormality with a focus on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety. Among the 1521 health professionals approached, it is noticed that such impacts are more common in the ones with less training and professional experience, and so being more dependent on the maintaining of resilience and the social support, as assistants in mental well-being.
Lian et al., 2020	Screening for Chinese medical staff mental health by SDS and SAS during the outbreak of COVID-19	Journal of psychosomatic research	The use of self-assessment scales is a practical and low-cost method to assist in the screening of psychological manifestations such as anxiety and depression. This was perceived among the younger doctors, 30 years old or less, who manifest higher levels of depression. More attention and guidance from doctors are required to help and cope with their fears and anxieties generated by working in this pandemic.
Chen et al. (2020)	Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak	The lancet. Psychiatry	The use of psychological approaches was not immediately accepted by medical teams, who denied that they were victims of the mental damage that emerged from overwork during the pandemic. This situation shows that it is important that health managers initially create an active listening approach to the difficulties faced by workers and, from there, formulate strategies consistent with the immediate needs of the team, such as availability of adequate places to stay during the pandemic interchange to family social isolation and not to affect them with the coronavirus, as well as having a range of options in psychological approaches to allow each health professional to choose for themselves the most comfortable way to participate in these activities.
Kang et al. (2020)	The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus	The lancet. Psychiatry	The situation of fighting against coronavirus has been causing stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, changes in sleep, denial, anger, and fear in medical teams. Because of this, organizing online platforms to provide psychological counseling, psychiatric care, exchange of ideas to manage critical patients, reduce the social distance from friends and family is an alternative to assist in the mental health care of these professionals, making it possible to avoid permanent psychic injuries and to maintain a good productivity.
González-Castro et al. (2020)	Síndrome post-cuidados intensivos después de la pandemia por SARSCoV- 2	Med Intensiva	The coronavirus pandemic brings waves with an impact on global public health, starting with a high rate of morbidity and mortality due to the disease, impacts on the restriction of ICU resources, and the interruption of care for patients with chronic diseases. Finally, it also causes moral damages and psychological problems to front-line professionals, such as a significant increase in depression/anxiety and suicidal thoughts.
Neto et al. (2020)	When health professionals look death in the eye: the mental health of professionals who deal daily with the 2019 coronavirus outbreak	Psychiatry research	The stress caused by the activities of health professionals in the fight against the coronavirus is associated with an increase in anxiety, depression, and both physical and mental exhaustion symptoms. The ICU teams are more associated with the conditions mentioned above, given their contact with dying patients, the changes in their usual work structure, and the decision-making that has a high cost to the psychological of these workers, in the face of resource reallocation during this crisis. In an attempt to reduce these consequences, the creation of specialized networks for mental care, with psychologists and psychiatrists, the willingness to use psychotropic drugs, the improvement in working conditions, and the encouragement for team support are some suitable ways to change these impacts promoted by COVID-19 in the health professionals' psyche.
Pinto and Carvalho (2020)	SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19): lessons to be learned by Brazilian Physical Therapists	Brazilian journal of physical therapy	Faced with a pandemic in which the majority of patients require ventilatory management in ICUs, the importance of having physiotherapists specialized in intensive care and effective members of the multidisciplinary team of an ICU is perceived in the public health system to improve dynamics in this environment. It avoids overload other professionals and develops updated and continuous activities to the ventilatory support and the complications caused by the coronavirus.