Table 2.
Z-scores and ratios of continuous fetal echocardiographic parameters
| Continuous parameters | Postnatal CoA median (IQR) |
No postnatal CoA median (IQR) |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left heart structures (Z-score sets) | ||||
| Mital valve annulus | Krishnan et al. [14] | –3.35 (–4.68 to –2.20) | –1.05 (–1.80 to –0.17) | < 0.001 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –4.00 (–5.43 to –3.07) | –1.85 (–2.63 to –1.00) | < 0.001 | |
| Left ventricular length | Krishnan et al. [14] | –3.95 (–4.78 to –2.69) | –3.00 (–3.60 to –2.50) | 0.009 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –1.70 (–2.30 to –0.65) | –0.90 (–1.20 to –0.40) | 0.002 | |
| Left ventricular width | Gabbay–Benziv et al. [13] | –2.25 (–3.40 to –1.87) | –0.80 (–1.45 to –0.45) | < 0.001 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –1.70 (–2.70 to –1.20) | –0.60 (–1.10 to– 0.00) | < 0.001 | |
| Aortic valve annulus | Krishnan et al. [14] | –2.55 (–2.95 to –1.00) | –0.06 (–0.70 to– 0.60) | < 0.001 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –2.75 (–3.13 to –1.53) | –0.70 (–1.20 to –0.10) | < 0.001 | |
| Ascending aorta | Krishnan et al. [14] | –3.10 (–4.45 to –1.95) | –1.50 (–1.90 to –0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –3.60 (–4.45 to –2.15) | –1.40 (–1.90 to–0.90) | < 0.001 | |
| Isthmus aortae (sag.) | Krishnan et al. [14] | –4.70 (–6.4 to –3.95) | –2.60 (–3.70 to –1.40) | < 0.001 |
| Pasquini et al. [15] | –2.40 (–4.15 to –1.85) | –1.00 (–1.80 to –0.50) | < 0.001 | |
| Isthmus aortae (3VT) | Pasquini et al. [15] | –3.00 (–4.05 to –2.70) | –1.70 (–2.40 to –0.68) | < 0.001 |
| Descending aorta | Krishnan et al. [14] | –1.05 (–1.47 to –0.63) | –0.90 (–1.40 to –0.52) | 0.26 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –0.35 (–0.78–0.28) | –0.03 (–0.60–0.35) | 0.22 | |
| Right heart structures (Z-score sets) | ||||
| Tricuspid valve annulus | Krishnan et al. [14] | 0.30 (–0.70–0.85) | 0.50 (–0.12–0.90) | 0.34 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –0.40 (–1.13–0.33) | –0.10 (–0.80–0.43) | 0.33 | |
| Right ventricular length | Krishnan et al. [14] | –2.40 (–3.35 to –1.75) | –1.90 (–2.90 to –1.20) | 0.11 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | –0.70 (–1.33 to –0.08) | –0.20 (–0.90–0.25) | 0.06 | |
| Right ventricular width | Gabbay–Benziv et al. [13] | 0.95 (0.00–2.12) | 0.08 (–0.35–1.00) | 0.02 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | 0.99 (0.15–1.85) | 0.19 (–0.23–1.00) | 0.02 | |
| Pulmonary valve annulus | Krishnan et al. [14] | 1.40 (0.50–2.60) | 1.70 (1.00–2.55) | 0.79 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | 0.60 (–0.05–1.90) | 1.00 (0.25–1.90) | 0.74 | |
| Arterial duct (sag.) | Krishnan et al. [14] | –1.30 (–2.24– 0.10) | –2.30 (–2.70 to –1.50) | 0.05 |
| Schneider et al. [16] | 1.15 (1.00– 1.92) | 1.00 (0.50–1.50) | 0.07 | |
| Arterial duct (3VT) | Pasquini et al. [15] | 1.00 (0.07–1.58) | 0.25 (–0.60–1.10) | 0.12 |
| Ratios | ||||
| Left/right ventricular length | 0.96 (0.85–1.04) | 1.00 (0.92–1.11) | 0.13 | |
| Left/right ventricular width | 0.60 (0.52–0.72) | 0.82 (0.73–0.88) | < 0.001 | |
| Mitral/tricuspid valve annulus | 0.55 (0.47–0.52) | 0.73 (0.67–0.82) | < 0.001 | |
| Aortic/pulmonary valve annulus | 0.54 (0.46–0.59) | 0.66 (0.60–0.71) | < 0.001 | |
| Carotid- subclavian artery index | 0.51 (0.43–0.58) | 1.35 (1.05–1.88) | < 0.001 | |
| Ascending/descending aorta | 0.84 (0.61–0.94) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | < 0.001 | |
| Isthmus/arterial duct (sag.) | 0.43 (0.38–0.54) | 0.66 (0.59–0.73) | < 0.001 | |
| Isthmus/arterial duct (3VT) | 0.48 (0.43–0.53) | 0.67 (0.61–0.75) | < 0.001 | |
CoA: coarctation, 3VT view: three-vessel trachea view; sag. sagittal view
Measurements of the arterial duct in sagittal (n = 55) or 3VT view (n = 57). All other cardiac structures could be measured in 62 or more cases