Fig. 5.

Effect of photobiomodulation on FOXO1 levels in normal, wounded, diabetic, and diabetic wounded human skin fibroblasts irradiated at a wavelength of 660 or 830 nm with a fluence of 5 J/cm². FOXO1 is stained green with FITC and nuclei are stained blue with DAPI. Both the irradiated and non-irradiated cell models displayed positive staining for FOXO1. Irradiated cells expressed less FOXO1 compared to non-irradiated cell models. In non-irradiated models there was an increase in nuclear translocation of FOXO1 in diabetic and diabetic wounded models compared to their normal counterparts. This is due to the increase in oxidative stress induced by growing cells under hyperglycemic condition. Red arrows indicate the presence of FOXO1. Magnification = × 200