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. 2021 Mar 11;12:637982. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637982

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Copyright © 2021 Srivastava, Niu, Phadke, Bellaire and Cho.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. Vero E6 cells (2 × 10⁴ cells/well) in 96-well-plates were infected with 50 pfu with various dilutions of pooled sera collected before (PRE) or after three immunizations (indicated as 1st, 2^nd, and 3rd). Virus infection was monitored by CyQuant LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) Cytotoxicity Assay, which measures the level of cytosolic LDH released into the culture medium when cells die from virus infection. The assay was done in triplicate. Results from three vaccine groups are shown: (A) Zn-chitosan, (B) Alhydrogel, and (C) Adju-Phos. (D) Brightfield photomicrographs of cell cultures from the neutralization assay. Results from the Alhydrogel group (for indicated immunizations and dilutions) are shown as examples.