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. 2021 Mar 11;12:644541. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644541

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Copyright © 2021 Sugiyama, Ohi, Kuramitsu, Takai, Muto, Taniguchi, Kinukawa, Takeuchi, Motomura, Nishihara, Shioiri and Inui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phase resetting of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR). (A) Modulation of the ASSR by stimulus intensity (sound pressure). Repeated presentation of a 25-ms pure tone (upper middle) elicits the 40-Hz ASSR. An abrupt increase in sound pressure at 700 ms causes a reduction in amplitude and phase (phase resetting). The location of estimated dipoles (left panel), source-strength waveforms (middle), and enlarged waveforms on an expanded time axis (right) are also shown. (B) Increasing sound pressure reduces ASSR latency. The Y-axis shows changes in the peak latency interval over time relative to the control condition. The control stimulus is a 1,000-ms train of clicks at 40 Hz. The test stimuli are a 500-ms train of clicks identical to the control stimulus and a subsequent 500-ms click-train of the same frequency but altered sound pressure compared with the control stimulus (−5, −10, −15, 5, 10, or 15 dB). The degree of phase resetting depends on the magnitude of the sound pressure change. (C) Modulation of the ASSR by deviant stimuli (odd ball condition). The Y-axis shows changes in the peak latency interval over time compared with the control-only (left) and test-only (right) conditions. The control stimulus is a 1,200-ms train of 25-ms pure tones. The test stimulus is a similar train of pure tones in which the tone sound pressure at 700 ms is increased by 15 dB. Under an oddball paradigm, phase resetting is observed when either the control or test stimulus is rare (deviant). (D) Modulation of the ASSR by multimodal stimulation. The Y-axis shows changes in the peak latency interval over time compared with the control condition. As the test stimulus, an electrical pulse is presented to the dorsum of the left or right hand at 700 ms during the train of 25-ms pure tones. Tactile stimulation causes phase resetting of the ASSR, and this cross-modal effect is observed from approximately 50–125 ms after the onset of tactile stimulation.