Table 1.
Patients characteristics according to phenotype.
| Characteristics N = 416 | Total N = 416 | Phenotype 1 N = 150 | Phenotype 2 N = 176 | Phenotype 3 N = 90 | P-valuea | Adjusted p-valueb (1 vs. 2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main clinical characteristics analyzed for phenotyping | ||||||
| Age, median (IQR)anitha N = 416 | 63 (55–71) | 63 (58–70) | 60 (52–68) | 71 (64–73.0) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 321 (77.2) | 129 (86) | 119 (67.6) | 73 (81.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR)anitha N = 399 | 29.05 (26.1–32.7) | 28.1 (25.8–30.0) | 29.7 (26.1–33.3) | 30.9 (27.5–34.9) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| History of chronic hypertension, n (%) | 235 (56.5) | 65 (43.3) | 99 (56.2) | 71 (78.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 78 (18.75) | 11 (7.3) | 51 (29) | 16 (17.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 33 (7.9) | 12 (8) | 2 (1.1) | 19 (21.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction or chronic cardiac failure, n (%) | 49 (11.8) | 12 (8) | 5 (2.8) | 32 (35.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Charlson score, median (IQR)anitha N = 416 | 1 (0–2) | 0.5 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 3 (2–4) | <0.001 | 0.008 |
| Disease characteristics included in phenotyping | ||||||
| Time from symptoms onset (days), median (IQR) N = 355 | 8 (5–10) | 10 (9–12) | 7 (6–8) | 4 (3.0–5.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Co-infection, n (%) | 48 (11.5) | 29 (19.3) | 8 (4.6) | 11 (12.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FiO2 (%), median (IQR) | 80 (60–100) | 75 (60–100) | 80 (60–100) | 85 (60–100) | 0.044 | 0.17 |
| P/F ratio (mmHg),anitha median (IQR) N = 413 | 124 (88–158) | 130 (107–151) | 124 (87–165.5) | 96 (75–159) | 0.022 | 0.773 |
| Compliance rs, (mL/cm H2O) median (IQR), N = 366 | 35.4 (28.7–44.9) | 43 (36.7–50) | 31.1 (26.7–37.2) | 33.3 (26.6–42.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Other characteristics not included in phenotyping | ||||||
| Country France (vs. Belgium) | 240 (57.7) | 90 (60) | 99 (56.3) | 51 (56.7) | 0.77 | >0.99 |
| Tidal volume, (mL/kg of IBW), median (IQR) N = 397 | 6.1 (5.8–6.6) | 6.1 (5.8–6.5) | 6.1 (5.8–6.6) | 6.1 (5.8–6.9) | 0.98 | >0.99 |
| Total PEEP (cm H2O), median (IQR) N = 415 | 12 (10–14) | 12 (10–14) | 12 (10–14) | 10 (10–13) | 0.11 | 0.74 |
| Plateau pressure (cm H2O), median (IQR) N = 366 | 23 (21–26) | 22 (20–24) | 24 (22–28) | 23.5 (21–27) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Driving pressure (cm H2O), median (IQR) N = 366 | 12 (9–14) | 10 (8–12) | 12.5 (11–15) | 12 (10–15) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Neuromuscular blockade, n (%) | 350 (84.1) | 124 (82.7) | 151 (85.8) | 75 (83.3) | 0.72 | >0.99 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide, n (%) | 48 (11.5) | 14 (9.3) | 23 (13.1) | 11 (12.2) | 0.56 | >0.99 |
| Prone position, n (%) | 330 (79.3) | 121 (80.7) | 144 (81.8) | 65 (72.2) | 0.17 | 0.33 |
| Corticosteroids, n (%)anitha N = 394c | 85 (21.6) | 28 (19.7) | 40 (24) | 17 (20) | 0.62 | 0.90 |
| Inhibitor of IL-6, n (%) | 10 (2.4) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (4) | 2 (2.2) | 0.17 | 0.33 |
IQR, Inter-quartile range; IBW, ideal body weight; P/F ratio, PaO2/FiO2 ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Compliance rs, compliance of respiratory system; PEEP, Postive end expiratory pressure; IL, Interleukin.
a
P-value from Kruskal-Wallis, or Chi-square test.
b
Adjusted P-value from the comparison of phenotypes 1 and 2 (Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon or Fisher test) corrected by the Holm method.
c
Some patients were included in a double-blind RCT of steroids vs. placebo (NCT02517489) and were considered as missing data.