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. 2021 Mar 24;11:6751. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86147-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Engraftment of human MSCs in vivo by immunohistochemistry for Vimentin. Human MSCs are observed in brown along the periphery of BCP biomaterials or embedded in osteocyte lacunae dispersed throughout the newly formed bone matrix. The majority of cells present are of mouse host origin shown by the blue/purple nuclei. (A) Engraftment is shown in BMSC and CBMSC samples 8 weeks after transplantation of unprimed cells, cells primed with standard osteogenic supplements, cells primed with BMP-4, and cells primed with chondrogenic supplements (blue asterisks indicate the BCP granules). (B) The quantification of Vimentin identification of human cells for all implants, (C) together with consideration for different priming regimes prior to implantation. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was by unpaired Student’s t-test for single experimental condition (dot plot) and by two-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparison test for multiple experimental conditions (histogram). *Significant difference between MSCs of different tissue origin.