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. 2021 Mar 24;11:6780. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86094-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of three hydraulic-fracturing tests in Ävrö granodiorite at mine scale. HF1 (a) and HF2 (b) are conventional fracturing- and re-fracturing tests, respectively, with continuous water injection. HF3 (c) is a fatigue test with cyclic, progressive fluid injection before the occurrence of breakdown pressure. Left ordinate indicates flow rate (blue) and fluid pressure (green). Right ordinate shows cumulative number of AEs (black curve) and their magnitudes (red dots) over time (s) in the stimulation.