TABLE 5.

Overview of pH regulators with roles in the cell death and survival of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers.

Channels	Organ	Mechanism/pathway	Induction	References
AE1	ESCC	MAPK and Hedgehog signaling pathways	siRNA technology	Shiozaki et al., 2017
	GC	p16	siRNA technology	Shen et al., 2007
AE2	ESCC		siRNA technology	Shiozaki et al., 2018a
NHE1	EAC		Deoxycholic acid	Goldman et al., 2011
	EAC		Amiloride, Guggulsterone	Guan et al., 2014
	ESCC	PI3K-AKT signaling, Notch signaling	siRNA technology	Ariyoshi et al., 2017
	GC		Antisense gene	Liu et al., 2008
V-ATPase	GC		Proton pump inhibitors	Chen et al., 2009
	GC	Phosphorylation of LRP6, Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Diphyllin	Shen et al., 2011
	GC		Pantoprazole	Shen et al., 2013

ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; GC, gastric cancer.