Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics by Adverse Childhood Experiences, Hispanic/Latina women who ever gave birth to a live infant, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, N=2,332
| Overall (N=2,319) | 3 or fewer ACEs (N=1,582) | 4 + ACES (N=737) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% (95% CI) | Mean/% (95% CI) | Mean/% (95% CI) | |
| Gestational Hypertension, % | 12.2 (10.4, 14.2) | 11.9 (9.8, 14.4) | 13.0 (9.7, 17.0) |
| Gestational Diabetes, % | 9.2 (7.7, 10.9) | 9.5 (7.8, 11.6) | 8.4 (6.1, 11.6) |
| Preeclampsia, % | 6.3 (5.0, 7.9) | 6.3 (4.7, 8.5) | 6.4 (4.6, 8.8) |
| Age (years) | 46.9 (45.9, 47.9) | 47.5 (46.5, 48.5) | 45.6 (43.6, 47.5) |
| Hispanic/Latino Background, % | |||
| Central American | 8.1 (6.5, 10.1) | 8.5 (6.6, 10.8) | 12.6 (8.8, 17.6) |
| Cuban | 19.9 (15.5, 25.2) | 23.2 (18.1, 29.4) | 36.7 (30.4, 43.4) |
| Dominican | 12.6 (10.1, 15.8) | 12.4 (9.8, 15.6) | 7.6 (5.6, 10.2) |
| Mexican | 37 (32.2, 42.2) | 37.3 (31.5, 43.5) | 22.9 (17.3, 29.7) |
| Puerto Rican | 15.8 (12.9, 19.1) | 12.6 (9.7, 16.2) | 5.1 (3.4, 7.6) |
| South American | 4.8 (3.9, 6.0) | 4.7 (3.7, 5.9) | 2 (0.8, 4.8) |
| Mixed/Other | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) |
| Parity (Visit 2) | 2.9 (2.8, 3) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 3 (2.8, 3.2) |
| Smoking, % | |||
| Never | 70 (67.2, 72.6) | 73 (70.2, 75.7) | 64.1 (57.7, 69.9) |
| Former | 15.1 (13.4, 17) | 14.3 (12.3, 16.4) | 16.8 (13.2, 21.1) |
| Current | 14.9 (12.8, 17.3) | 12.7 (10.6, 15.2) | 19.2 (15.1, 24.1) |
| Education, % | |||
| Less than High School | 34.9 (31.6, 38.4) | 33.9 (29.9, 38.1) | 37 (31.5, 42.8) |
| High School | 24.9 (22.3, 27.7) | 25.2 (22.5, 28.2) | 24.3 (18.8, 30.8) |
| Greater than High School | 40.2 (36.4, 44.1) | 40.9 (36.4, 45.5) | 38.8 (32.7, 45.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 (29.9, 30.8) | 29.9 (29.5, 30.3) | 31.4 (30.4, 32.3) |
| Hypertension, % | 26 (23.2, 28.9) | 26.4 (23.5, 29.5) | 25 (19.5, 31.5) |
| Diabetes, % | |||
| No diabetes | 45.8 (42.6, 49.1) | 44.6 (40.8, 48.5) | 48.7 (42.7, 54.7) |
| Pre-diabetes | 34.8 (31.6, 38.1) | 35.7 (32.2, 39.5) | 32.6 (26.9, 38.8) |
| Diabetes | 19.4 (17.2, 21.9) | 19.7 (17.2, 22.5) | 18.8 (15.0, 23.2) |
| Marital Status, % | |||
| Single | 20.4 (18.1, 22.8) | 18.2 (15.9, 20.8) | 25.1 (20.5, 30.2) |
| Married/Living with a Partner | 52.9 (49.2, 56.6) | 54.3 (49.7, 58.8) | 49.8 (43.5, 56) |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 26.7 (23.8, 30) | 27.6 (24.1, 31.3) | 25.2 (19.6, 31.7) |
| Age at Immigration to U.S. 50 states | |||
| US-born | 12.8 (10.8, 15.2) | 9.7 (7.9, 11.8) | 19.7 (15.2, 25.2) |
| Immigrated <18 years | 13.9 (11.3, 16.9) | 11.6 (9, 15) | 18.9 (13.7, 25.6) |
| Immigrated ≥ 18 years | 73.3 (69.6, 76.7) | 78.7 (74.8, 82.2) | 61.4 (54.5, 67.8) |
| Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences, % | |||
| 0 | 22.6 (20.1, 25.3) | 33.1 (29.9, 36.5) | |
| 1 | 20.9 (18.6, 23.4) | 30.5 (27.3, 33.9) | |
| 2 | 12.7 (11.1, 14.5) | 18.5 (16.1, 21.2) | |
| 3 | 12.2 (10.0, 14.8) | 17.9 (14.9, 21.3) | |
| 4 or more | 31.6 (24.1, 41.7) | 100.0 | |
| Specific Adverse Childhood Experiences, % | |||
| Emotional Abuse | 32.7 (29.3, 36.1) | 10.4 (7.8, 13.8) | 79.5 (74.8, 83.4) |
| Physical Abuse | 29.7 (26.2, 33.2) | 9.0 (6.5, 12.3) | 73.7 (68.0, 78.7) |
| Sexual Abuse | 20.7 (18.0, 23.5) | 7.7 (5.8, 10.2) | 48.2 (42.0, 54.5) |
| Emotional Neglect | 26.5 (23.4, 29.6) | 9.6 (7.7, 11.8) | 62.4 (56.1, 68.3) |
| Physical Neglect | 11.2 (9.3, 13) | 2.8 (2, 4.1) | 28.8 (24.0, 34.3) |
| Parents Separated/Divorced | 41.8 (38.4, 45.2) | 31.1 (28.1, 34.4) | 64.6 (57.9, 70.8) |
| Witnessed Maternal Abuse | 21.7 (18.5, 25) | 6.8 (5.4, 8.5) | 53.6 (47.4, 59.8) |
| Household Member Abused Alcohol/Street Drugs | 34.2 (31.1, 37.4) | 17.9 (14.9, 21.4) | 68.7 (62.1, 74.7) |
| Household Member Mentally Ill/Attempted Suicide | 22.8 (20.2, 25.3) | 11.8 (9.8, 14) | 46 (39.6, 52.4) |
| Household Member went to Prison | 22.7 (20.3, 25.1) | 13.4 (11.4, 15.8) | 42.5 (36.6, 48.7) |
a
All variables measured at baseline (visit 1) or Sociocultural Ancillary Study unless otherwise indicated