Table 2.
IRRs and 95% CIs for diagnoses of internalizing disorder and ADHD by health behaviors among grade five students participating in the 2012 REAL Kids survey, Alberta, Canada (n = 1,352).
| Variables | Internalizing disorder: IRR (95% CI) | ADHD: IRR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |
| DQI (ref.: Lowest tertile) | ||||||
| Middle tertile | 0.55 (0.24–1.25) | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | 0.82 (0.43–1.55) | 0.71 (0.34–1.48) | 0.35 (0.16–0.76) | 0.41 (0.19–0.90) |
| Highest tertile | 0.29 (0.13–0.65) | 0.44 (0.23–0.85) | 0.46 (0.24–0.87) | 0.57 (0.29–1.13) | 0.43 (0.20–0.91) | 0.45 (0.21–0.97) |
| Physical activity (ref.: Active) | ||||||
| Inactive (PAQ-C score <3.0) | 2.31 (1.03–5.17) | 1.98 (1.19–3.30) | 2.01 (1.21–3.35) | 2.43 (1.34–4.41) | 4.17 (2.25–7.72) | 4.36 (2.30–8.28) |
| Computers/video games (ref.: <1 h/day) | ||||||
| 1–2 h/day | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | 0.87 (0.49–1.53) | 0.86 (0.49–1.52) | 1.35 (0.60–3.05) | 0.81 (0.39–1.68) | 0.82 (0.40–1.68) |
| ≥3 h/day | 1.08 (0.35–3.32) | 0.69 (0.35–1.37) | 0.70 (0.36–1.39) | 3.25 (1.53–6.91) | 2.96 (1.37–6.41) | 3.34 (1.59–6.99) |
| TV viewing (ref.: <1 h/day) | ||||||
| 1–2 h/day | 1.33 (0.66–2.67) | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) | 1.03 (0.59–1.79) | 1.12 (0.54–2.32) | 0.92 (0.46–1.85) | 0.88 (0.44–1.76) |
| ≥3 h/day | 1.65 (0.59–4.64) | 1.06 (0.56–1.99) | 1.05 (0.56–1.97) | 2.43 (1.14–5.16) | 1.41 (0.64–3.08) | 1.31 (0.60–2.82) |
| Gender (ref.: Girls) | ||||||
| Boys | 1.10 (0.49–2.47) | 1.77 (1.04–3.00) | 1.81 (1.07–3.05) | 3.57 (1.76–7.21) | 8.19 (4.56–14.72) | 7.92 (4.41–14.22) |
| Residential area (ref.: Urban) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.51 (0.26–1.00) | 0.63 (0.38–1.05) | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | 0.65 (0.36–1.19) | 0.70 (0.40–1.24) | 0.75 (0.43–1.32) |
| Parental education (ref.: Secondary or less) | ||||||
| College | 0.44 (0.18–1.08) | 0.60 (0.30–1.18) | 0.58 (0.29–1.15) | 0.83 (0.43–1.61) | 2.03 (1.02–4.04) | 2.03 (1.01–4.08) |
| University or above | 0.43 (0.16–1.15) | 0.43 (0.22–0.86) | 0.43 (0.21–0.86) | 0.45 (0.20–1.05) | 0.77 (0.38–1.56) | 0.77 (0.38–1.56) |
| Household income (ref.: ≤ $50,000) | ||||||
| $50,001–$75,000 | 0.19 (0.07–0.57) | 0.30 (0.12–0.73) | 0.30 (0.12–0.73) | 0.74 (0.21–2.57) | 1.52 (0.42–5.52) | 1.48 (0.42–5.23) |
| $75,001–$100,000 | 0.52 (0.17–1.63) | 0.52 (0.21–1.29) | 0.53 (0.22–1.29) | 0.78 (0.33–1.82) | 0.53 (0.23–1.23) | 0.56 (0.24–1.30) |
| >$100,000 | 0.52 (0.18–1.47) | 0.78 (0.37–1.61) | 0.78 (0.38–1.61) | 1.00 (0.45–2.21) | 1.09 (0.46–2.59) | 1.11 (0.47–2.62) |
| Obese (yes vs. no) | 0.64 (0.27–1.53) | 0.87 (0.37–2.05) | 0.24 (0.09–0.62) | 0.21 (0.08–0.53) | ||
Adjusted model 1, adjusted for the demographic variables; adjusted model 2, inclusion of obese status from adjusted model 1. The adjusted models also adjusted for energy intake. All estimates were weighted to represent population estimates.
IRRs, incidence rate ratios; CIs, confidence intervals; ADHD, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; ref., reference group; DQI, diet quality index. Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).