Table 1.
Characteristics of all participants and different gonadal status
| Parameter | All | Eugonadal | Primary HG | Secondary HG | *P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | 5078 (100) | 4683 (92.2) | 103 (2.0) | 292 (5.8) | NS |
| TT (nmol l−1) | 16.1±5.1 | 16.3±5.1 | 14.1±4.3 | 12.6±3.9 | <0.01 |
| cFT (pmol l−1) | 276.8±87.8 | 285.6±85.4 | 159.0±36.2 | 178.3±26.4 | <0.01 |
| SHBG (nmol l−1) | 46.3±22.5 | 45.0±21.3 | 77.5±30.4 | 56.2±26.6 | <0.01 |
| LH (IU l−1) | 6.2±4.2 | 6.0±3.7 | 19.2±9.2 | 5.6±2.2 | <0.01 |
| Age (year) | 55.7±9.4 | 55.0±9.2 | 67.9±6.8 | 62.0±8.0 | <0.01 |
| WC (cm) | 86.9±11.1 | 87.0±11.1 | 83.0±12.2 | 87.5±10.6 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 24.3±3.3 | 24.3±3.3 | 24.0±3.3 | 26.5±3.5 | <0.01 |
| Han nationality | 5069 (99.8) | 4674 (99.8) | 103 (100.0) | 292 (100.0) | 1.00 |
| Rural | 4513 (88.9) | 4165 (88.9) | 92 (89.3) | 256 (87.7) | 0.79 |
| Married or with partner | 4843 (95.4) | 4477 (95.6) | 92 (89.3) | 274 (93.8) | <0.01 |
| Secondary education | 2820 (55.5) | 2668 (57.0) | 32 (31.1) | 120 (41.1) | <0.01 |
| Smoking status (current) | 2887 (56.8) | 2662 (56.8) | 60 (58.2) | 165 (56.5) | 0.65 |
| One or more comorbiditiesa | 2211 (43.5) | 1973 (42.1) | 66 (64.1) | 172 (58.9) | <0.01 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 728 (14.3) | 632 (13.5) | 29 (28.2) | 67 (22.9) | <0.01 |
Data are expressed as the n (%) or mean±standard deviation. aSelf-reported comorbidity including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, chronic bronchitis or asthma, cancer, stoke, tuberculosis, liver disease, and prostate disease. *P shows differences between eugonadal men, men with primary HG, and with secondary HG. HG: hypogonadism; NS: not suitable; TT: total testosterone; cFT: calculated free testosterone; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; LH: luteinizing hormone; WC: waist circumference; BMI: body mass index