Figure 1.

Postoperative pain control. A – Compared with the control group, patients in the PVC group and ICC group obtained a lower pain score on postoperative day 0, 1, 2, 3 and discharge day. There was no significant difference in postoperative day 0, 1, 2, 3 and discharge day between the PVC group and the ICC group. B – Dosage of tramadol after surgery in the control group, the PVC group and the ICC group. C – Drainage duration and postoperative hospital stay in the control group, the PVC group and the ICC group. D – Compared with the control group, more patients in the PVC group and ICC group had no complaints about long-term postoperative pain, and fewer patients in the PVC group and ICC group suffered from moderate and severe pain (NRS ≥ 4)

PVC – paravertebral catheter, ICC – intercostal catheter, NRS – numerical rating scale.