. 2021 Mar 24;156(5):e210265. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0265

Table 3. Prevalence, Frequency, and Severity of Racial/Ethnic Microaggressions Among Racial/Ethnic–Minority Physicians Using the RMAS.

Variable	Median (IQR)^a		P value	Median (IQR)^a								P value^b
Variable	Female	Male	P value	Hispanic	Asian	South Asian	Middle Eastern	Black	Hawaiian Pacific Islander or other	Multiracial	Total No.	P value^b
Survey subscale, No. (%)	162 (44.1)	205 (55.9)	NA	31 (8.4)	189 (51.4)	47 (12.8)	39 (10.6)	23 (6.7)	4 (1.1)	34 (9.2)	367	NA
Foreigner
No. (%)	94 (58)	93 (45.4)	.02	10 (32.3)	108 (57.1)	28 (59.6)	21 (53.8)	5 (21.7)	2 (50)	13 (38.2)	187 (51)	.004
Frequency	1.0 (0.7-1.7)	1.0 (0.7-1.3)	.14	0.7 (0.3-1.0)	1.0 (0.7-1.3)	1.0 (0.7-1.7)	1.0 (0.3-1.7)	0.3 (0.0-0.7)	0.9 (0.4-1.2)	1.0 (0.7-1.0)	1.0 (0.7-1.3)	<.001
Severity	1.0 (0.3-1.3)	0.7 (0.0-1.0)	.01	0.9 (0.2-1.5)	1.0 (0.3-1.3)	0.9 (0.3-1.3)	1.0 (0.0-1.3)	0.3 (0.0-0.7)	0.7 (0.0-1.0)	0.7 (0.3-1.0)	0.7 (0.3-1.3)	.56
Criminality
No. (%)	11 (6.8)	7 (3.4)	.14	3 (9.7)	2 (1.1)	0 (0)	2 (5.1)	11 (47.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	18 (4.9)	<.001^c
Frequency	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	.63	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	<.001
Severity	0.8 (0.5-1.4)	0.5 (0.3-0.8)	.01	1.0 (0.5-1.8)	0.3 (0.3-0.8)	0.5 (0.3-0.8)	0.5 (0.5-1.0)	1.4 (0.5-2.4)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	0.5 (0.3-1.0)	<.001
Sexualization
No. (%)	47 (29)	11 (5.4)	<.001	10 (32.3)	25 (13.2)	5 (10.6)	1 (2.6)	8 (34.8)	0 (0)	9 (26.5)	58 (15.8)	<.001^c
Frequency	0.3 (0.0-1.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	<.001	0.3 (0.0-1.0)	0.3 (0.0-0.7)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.0 (0.0-0.3)	0.3 (0.0-1.0)	0.3 (0.3-0.5)	0.3 (0.0-1.0)	0.3 (0.0-0.7)	.02
Severity	1.0 (0.3-1.7)	0.3 (0.0-0.7)	<.001	1.0 (0.3-1.3)	0.5 (0.2-1.0)	0.3 (0.0-1.0)	0.2 (0.0-0.3)	0.9 (0.0-2.0)	0.2 (0.0-0.3)	1.5 (0.3-2.0)	0.3 (0.0-1.3)	.01
Low achieving
No. (%)	56 (34.6)	35 (17.1)	<.001	15 (48.4)	38 (20.1)	8 (17)	5 (12.8)	16 (69.6)	1 (25)	8 (23.5)	91 (24.8)	<.001
Frequency	0.7 (0.3-1.3)	0.4 (0.3-0.9)	.001	1.1 (0.6-1.9)	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	0.4 (0.2-0.7)	0.4 (0.2-0.7)	1.4 (0.8-1.9)	0.6 (0.4-1.2)	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	0.6 (0.3-1.0)	<.001
Severity	0.7 (0.2-1.3)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	<.001	1.2 (0.2-1.9)	0.4 (0.1-0.8)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	1.4 (0.8-2.3)	0.2 (0.1-1.0)	0.4 (0.2-1.1)	0.4 (0.1-1.0)	<.001
Invisibility
No. (%)	45 (27.8)	24 (11.7)	.001	9 (29)	30 (15.9)	7 (14.9)	4 (10.3)	13 (56.5)	1 (25)	5 (14.7)	69 (18.8)	<.001^c
Frequency	0.6 (0.3-1.1)	0.3 (0.0-0.6)	<.001	0.6 (0.1-1.6)	0.5 (0.1-0.9)	0.3 (0.1-0.8)	0.1 (0.0-0.4)	1.0 (0.6-1.5)	0.5 (0.2-1.1)	0.1 (0.0-0.6)	0.5 (0.1-0.9)	<.001
Severity	0.9 (0.5-1.5)	0.5 (0.1-0.9)	<.001	1.0 (0.5-1.9)	0.7 (0.3-1.1)	0.5 (0.3-1.1)	0.5 (0.1-0.9)	1.1 (0.6-2.0)	0.5 (0.3-1.6)	0.6 (0.1-0.8)	0.8 (0.3-1.3)	.02
Environmental
No. (%)	120 (74.1)	126 (61.5)	.010	26 (83.9)	115 (60.8)	33 (70.2)	23 (59)	23 (100)	3 (75)	23 (67.6)	246 (67)	.003
Frequency	1.6 (1.2-2.0)	1.2 (1.0-1.6)	<.001	1.8 (1.2-2.2)	1.2 (1.0-1.6)	1.2 (1.0-1.8)	1.4 (0.8-2.0)	2.0 (1.8-2.6)	1.6 (0.8-2.3)	1.4 (1.2-2.0)	1.4 (1.0-1.8)	<.001
Severity	0.7 (0.2-1.0)	0.4 (0.0-0.6)	<.001	0.9 (0.4-1.4)	0.4 (0.2-0.8)	0.4 (0.0-1.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.6)	1.0 (0.4-1.4)	0.4 (0.1-1.4)	0.4 (0.2-0.6)	0.4 (0.2-1.0)	<.001
All 6 subscales
No. (%)	47 (29)	20 (9.8)	<.001	12 (38.7)	25 (13.2)	6 (12.8)	4 (10.3)	14 (60.9)	1 (25)	5 (14.7)	67 (18.3)	<.001^c
Overall frequency	0.8 (0.5-1.2)	0.5 (0.4-0.8)	<.001	0.8 (0.5-1.4)	0.6 (0.4-0.8)	0.5 (0.4-0.8)	0.5 (0.3-0.7)	1.3 (0.8-1.6)	0.6 (0.4-1.0)	0.7 (0.4-0.8)	0.6 (0.4-0.9)	<.001
Overall severity	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	0.3 (0.1-0.6)	<.001	0.8 (0.3-1.3)	0.4 (0.2-0.7)	0.3 (0.2-0.8)	0.3 (0.1-0.6)	1.0 (0.5-1.8)	0.3 (0.1-0.8)	0.4 (0.2-0.7)	0.4 (0.2-0.8)	<.001

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; RMAS, Racial Microaggression Scale.

^{^a}

Median comparisons were determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test for more than 2 comparison groups. Medians are reported for 299 physicians (those with microaggression prevalence).

^{^b}

P value determined by the χ² test unless otherwise indicated.

^{^c}

P value determined by the Monte Carlo estimates for exact test.