Table 1.
Comparing demographics, clinical scores, laboratory findings, and CT image features on admission between T2DM and non-T2DM cases among COVID-19 patients.
| Total | T2DM | Non-T2DM | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 306 | n = 129 | n = 177 | ||
| Demographics and clinical scores | ||||
| Age, years | 60.0(49.0–70.0) | 65.0(57.0–73.0) | 55.0(43.0–67.0) | <0.0001 |
| Gender, Male | 174(56.9%) | 81(62.8%) | 93(52.5%) | 0.08 |
| SOFA score | 2.0(0.0–3.0) | 2.0(1.0–4.0) | 1.0(0.0–2.0) | <0.0001 |
| CURB-65 score | 1.0(0.0–1.0) | 1.0(0.0–2.0) | 0.0(0.0–1.0) | <0.0001 |
| Partial arterial oxygen pressure(mmHg) | 63.9(44.7–89.8) | 58.6(40.8–74.5) | 74.5(48.2–117.5) | 0.016 |
| Disease severity status* | . | . | . | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 160(52.3%) | 51(39.5%) | 109(61.6%) | . |
| Severe | 124(40.5%) | 64(49.6%) | 60(33.9%) | . |
| Critical | 22(7.2%) | 14(10.9%) | 8(4.5%) | . |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L) | 6.3(5.4–8.7) | 9.4(7.7–13.6) | 5.6(5.1–6.2) | <0.0001 |
| <7.0 | 174/274(63.5%) | 14/110(12.7%) | 160/164(97.6%) | <0.0001 |
| 7.0–11.1 | 60/274(21.9) | 56/110(50.9%) | 4/164(2.4%) | <0.0001 |
| ≥11.1 | 40/274(14.6%) | 40/110(36.4%) | 0/164(0.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Random plasma glucose(mmol/L) | 6.7(5.7–8.9) | 8.9(7.2–14.1) | 6.0(5.4–6.8) | <0.0001 |
| <7.0 | 158(53.9%) | 27(20.9%) | 138(78.0%) | <0.0001 |
| 7.0–11.1 | 94(30.7%) | 57(44.2%) | 37(20.9%) | <0.0001 |
| ≥11.1 | 47(15.4%) | 45(34.9%) | 2(1.1%) | <0.0001 |
| White blood cell count(109/L) | 5.6(4.4–8.0) | 6.6(4.7–10.1) | 5.1(4.3–7.2) | <0.0001 |
| >10 (ULN) | 50(16.3%) | 33(25.6%) | 17(9.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte count(109/L) | 0.8(0.6–1.2) | 0.7(0.5–0.9) | 0.9(0.7–1.3) | <0.0001 |
| <1.1 (LLN) | 213(69.6%) | 106(82.2%) | 107(60.5%) | <0.0001 |
| ALB(g/L) | 33.4(30.4–36.6) | 32.4(29.6–35.8) | 34.2(31.4–37.4) | 0.002 |
| ≤30 (LLN) | 67/303(22.1%) | 38/128(29.7%) | 29/175(16.6%) | 0.007 |
| LDH(U/L) | 324.0(246.0–451.0) | 361.0(266.3–490.8) | 306.0(237.0–414.0) | 0.001 |
| >225 (ULN) | 249/303(82.2%) | 107/128(83.6%) | 142/175(81.1%) | 0.58 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.5(3.0–4.0) | 3.4(3.0–4.1) | 3.5(3.0–4.0) | 0.67 |
| >5.18 (ULN) | 7/303(2.3%) | 5/128(3.9%) | 2/175(1.1%) | 0.11 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.3(1.0–1.8) | 1.3(1.0–1.9) | 1.3(1.0–1.8) | 0.55 |
| >1.7 (ULN) | 40/139(28.8%) | 21/68(30.9%) | 19/71(26.8%) | 0.59 |
| urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.7(3.5–7.0) | 5.6(3.9–9.0) | 4.3(3.1–5.3) | <0.0001 |
| >8 (ULN) | 56/303(18.5%) | 39/128(30.5%) | 17/175(9.7%) | <0.0001 |
| D-dimer (μg/ml) | 1.0(0.5–2.6) | 1.6(0.7–7.0) | 0.7(0.4–1.6) | <0.0001 |
| ≥0.5 (ULN) | 215/287(74.9%) | 105/124(84.7%) | 110/163(67.5%) | 0.001 |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (pg/ml) | 7.3(2.8–20.7) | 15.6(5.2–41.5) | 3.9(2.2–13.3) | <0.0001 |
| >28 (ULN) | 45/218(20.6%) | 32/99(32.3%) | 13/119(10.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Myoglobin (ng/ml) | 93.1(34.4–183.1) | 128.0(59.5–244.7) | 32.0(22.7–104.0) | 0.003 |
| >106 (ULN) | 21/45(46.7%) | 17/29(58.6%) | 4/16(25.0%) | 0.03 |
| PCT(ng/ml) | 0.1(0.04–0.2) | 0.1(0.1–0.3) | 0.1(0.03–0.2) | <0.0001 |
| ≥0.05 (ULN) | 186/289(64.4%) | 94/120(78.3%) | 92/169(54.4%) | <0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 53.0(20.5–101.4) | 79.6(35.3–137.5) | 44.6(18.2–84.9) | 0.002 |
| ≥1 | 301/302(99.7%) | 86/86(100.0%) | 215/216(99.5%) | 1.000 |
| Serum ferritin (μg/L) | 885.0(488.5–1566.2) | 1086.5(571.3–1809.6) | 652.5(380.2–1347.1) | 0.002 |
| >300 (ULN) | 137/155(88.4%) | 79/82(96.3%) | 58/73(79.5%) | 0.001 |
| Cytokines | ||||
| IL-1B (pg/ml) | 5.0(5.0–5.0) | 5.0(5.0–5.0) | 5.0(5.0–5.0) | 0.27 |
| ≥5 (ULN) | 241/242(99.6%) | 106/106(100.0%) | 135/136(99.3%) | 1.00 |
| IL-2R (μ/ml) | 740.0(528.3–1063.3) | 925.5(567.5–1256.3) | 676.0(475.0–911.8) | <0.0001 |
| >710 (ULN) or <223 (LLN) | 130/242(53.7%) | 67/106(63.2%) | 63/136(46.3%) | 0.009 |
| IL-6(pg/ml) | 16.4(3.9–54.4) | 31.5(6.1–79.0) | 12.7(2.7–35.5) | 0.001 |
| ≥7 (ULN) | 158/242(65.3%) | 78/106(73.6%) | 80/136(58.8%) | 0.017 |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | 15.1(8.8–24.3) | 19.8(10.6–30.4) | 12.0(8.2–21.3) | <0.0001 |
| ≥62 (ULN) | 18/242(7.4%) | 13/106(12.3%) | 5/136(3.7%) | 0.012 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 5.3(5.0–10.0) | 6.8(5.0–14.8) | 5.0(5.0–8.4) | 0.001 |
| ≥9.1 (ULN) | 71/242(29.3%) | 42/106(39.6%) | 29/136(21.3%) | 0.002 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 8.4(6.8–10.8) | 9.2(7.1–12.5) | 8.1(6.2–9.8) | 0.001 |
| ≥8.1 (ULN) | 134/242(55.4%) | 66/106(62.3%) | 68/136(50.0%) | 0.06 |
| CT image features | ||||
| Distribution of pulmonary lesions | . | . | . | 0.15 |
| Peripheral | 42/185(22.7%) | 11/67(16.4%) | 31/118(26.3%) | . |
| Random | 30/185(16.2%) | 9/67(13.4%) | 21/118(17.8%) | . |
| Diffuse | 113/185(61.1%) | 47/67(70.1%) | 66/118(55.9%) | . |
| Bilateral multilobe, n | 177,185(95.7%) | 66/67(98.5%) | 111/118(94.1%) | 0.26 |
| Ground-glass opacity (GGO), n | 176/185(95.1%) | 64/67(95.5%) | 112/118(95.1%) | 1.00 |
| Crazy-paving pattern, n | 106/185(57.3%) | 37/67(55.2%) | 69/118(58.5%) | 0.76 |
| Consolidation, n | 152/185(82.2%) | 58/67(86.6%) | 93/118(78.8%) | 0.24 |
Data are median (IQR), n (%), or n/N (%). p values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, χ² test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ALB, albumin; TBil, Total bilirubin; DBil, Direct bilirubin; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; PCT, Procalcitonin; ULN, Upper limit of normal value; LLN, lower limit of normal value. * Disease severity status was evaluated according to interim guidance of National health commission of China.