Table 3.
Meta-analysis outcomes of clinical data of COVID-19 patients.
| Variable | Number ofstudies | Prevalence(%) | 95% CI | N | Q ‡ | I 2§ | T 2† | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 40 | 56.0 | 49.4–62.7 | 10554 | 3151.95 | 99 | 0.045 | <0.001 |
| Female | 40 | 44.8 | 37.9–51.8 | 5967 | 3447.67 | 99 | 0.049 | <0.001 |
| Severe | 41 | 24.0 | 20.8–27.2 | 2376 | 2481.19 | 98 | 0.010 | <0.001 |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Fever | 33 | 78.1 | 73.3–82.9 | 7455 | 1430.19 | 98 | 0.019 | <0.001 |
| Cough | 34 | 64.6 | 60.0–69.2 | 6372 | 817.57 | 96 | 0.018 | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 34 | 40.8 | 33.8–47.8 | 3430 | 2226.98 | 99 | 0.042 | <0.001 |
| Sore throat | 23 | 15.3 | 11.8–18.8 | 917 | 474.30 | 95 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 33 | 38.6 | 31.5–45.8 | 3725 | 2297.79 | 99 | 0.043 | <0.001 |
| Headache | 28 | 16.9 | 11.9–21.8 | 1151 | 1430.78 | 98 | 0.017 | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 32 | 13.7 | 10.7–16.7 | 1457 | 879.13 | 96 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 23 | 13.8 | 10.4–17.3 | 800 | 662.07 | 97 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 35 | 32.2 | 26.4–38.0 | 3537 | 1655.49 | 98 | 0.030 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 37 | 17.1 | 14.0–20.3 | 1869 | 865.71 | 96 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 28 | 3.5 | 2.6–4.4 | 357 | 182.23 | 85 | 0.000 | <0.001 |
| COPD | 28 | 3.4 | 2.6–4.2 | 328 | 159.99 | 83 | 0.000 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 31 | 15.3 | 12.5–18.1 | 1094 | 786.10 | 96 | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 19 | 7.6 | 5.6–9.7 | 42 | 555.38 | 97 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Complications | ||||||||
| ARDS | 17 | 24.7 | 16.0–33.4 | 1145 | 1768.78 | 99 | 0.032 | <0.001 |
| Shock | 11 | 6.8 | 4.3–9.4 | 201 | 185.0 | 95 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 15 | 10.3 | 6.0–14.6 | 597 | 725.90 | 98 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 8 | 8.4 | 4.5–12.3 | 150 | 46.69 | 89 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||||||
| Antiviral therapy | 25 | 68.7 | 53.6–83.8 | 3900 | 43,430.13 | 100 | 0.147 | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic therapy | 21 | 76.8 | 70.2–83.5 | 3615 | 2065.86 | 99 | 0.023 | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoids | 28 | 35.4 | 27.4–43.5 | 2850 | 2254.03 | 99 | 0.046 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen support | 18 | 55.5 | 41.9–69.1 | 3740 | 2478.57 | 99 | 0.085 | <0.001 |
| CRRT | 15 | 3.3 | 2.2–4.5 | 190 | 143.35 | 90 | 0.000 | <0.001 |
| NIV | 16 | 23.2 | 16.1–30.2 | 987 | 1096.69 | 99 | 0.020 | <0.001 |
95% CI: 95% confidence interval; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; NIV: noninvasive ventilation.
‡
Cochran’s Q statistic for heterogeneity.
§
I2 index to quantify the degree of heterogeneity.
†
Tau-squared as a measure of heterogeneity.