Table 4.

Analysis of severe and non-severe patients of COVID-19 by using Mantel–Haenszel test.

Variable	Number ofstudies	OR	95% CI	Severe	Non-severe	χ 2‡	I 2§	Z †	p
Male	40	1.46	1.34–1.60	1859	5120	43.78	11	8.29	<0.00001
Female	40	0.68	0.62–0.74	1159	4087	45.84	15	8.49	<0.00001
Clinical features
Fever	34	1.24	0.96–1.60	1964	5955	102.36	68	1.67	0.09
Cough	34	1.45	1.18–1.78	1660	4798	88.16	63	3.55	0.0004
Fatigue	34	1.40	1.14–1.72	911	2287	91.54	64	3.21	0.001
Sore throat	24	1.16	0.81–1.67	200	972	73.68	69	0.81	0.42
Dyspnea	34	4.20	3.09–5.72	1534	8387	226.03	85	9.13	<0.00001
Headache	28	0.95	0.69–1.31	232	736	66.56	59	0.31	0.76
Diarrhea	33	1.25	0.98–1.61	434	979	69.95	54	1.80	0.07
Nausea or vomiting	22	1.28	0.85–1.92	169	516	67.31	69	1.19	0.23
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	35	1.98	1.62–2.42	1315	2333	107.88	68	6.62	<0.00001
Diabetes	37	2.04	1.67–2.50	741	1316	80.57	55	6.97	<0.00001
Cancer	28	1.75	1.40–2.18	142	221	36.70	26	4.92	<0.00001
COPD	28	1.90	1.49–2.41	131	178	46.70	42	5.26	<0.00001
Cardiovascular disease	31	2.78	2.00–3.86	452	694	120.06	75	6.10	<0.00001
Chronic kidney disease	20	2.74	1.68–4.48	260	289	72.08	74	4.03	<0.00001
Complications
ARDS	19	42.69	21.62–84.31	994	258	158.58	89	10.81	<0.00001
Shock	11	23.95	9.50–60.35	180	21	23.84	58	6.74	<0.00001
Acute kidney injury	17	11.12	6.07–20.38	560	263	102.42	84	7.80	<0.00001
Arrhythmia	8	21.23	10.40–43.30	263	42	19.27	64	8.40	<0.00001
Treatments
Antiviral	25	2.18	1.43–3.34	992	3345	86.40	76	3.60	0.0003
Antibiotics	22	5.96	3.32–10.69	1296	3398	97.07	82	5.98	<0.00001
Glucocorticoids	28	6.12	4.01–9.34	1347	1420	258.31	90	8.40	<0.00001
Oxygen support	19	1.22	0.43–3.44	1104	2756	534.83	97	0.37	0.71
CRRT	16	18.92	8.20–43.66	183	32	34.53	57	6.89	<0.00001
NIV	15	41.27	15.24–111.77	599	87	119.85	88	7.32	<0.00001

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; NIV: noninvasive ventilation.

^‡Chi-squared test for heterogeneity.

^§I² index to quantify the degree of heterogeneity.

^†Z-statistics.