Table 2. Role of TRM in cancer immunotherapy.
| Tumor types | Treatment strategy | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical cancer | Vaccination + radiotherapy | HPV E6/E7-targeted therapeutic vaccination in combination with radiotherapy results in increased intratumoral number of CD8+CD103+ cells. | Komdeur et al., 2017 |
| Colorectal cancer | Anti–TGF-β mAb + radiotherapy | TGF-β contributes to TRM radioresistance. | Arina et al., 2019 |
| Esophageal cancer | Anti–PD-L1 mAb | PD-L1 blockade increases the number of CD8+CD103+ cells in the tumor. | Han et al., 2020 |
| Gastric cancer | Anti–PD-L1 mAb | PD-L1 blockade increases FABP4 and 5 expression in TRM, favoring lipid uptake by TRM and resulting in improved cell survival. | Lin et al., 2020 |
| PD-L1 blockade unleashes TRM in the PDX mice. | |||
| Non-responder PDX mice to PD-L1 blockade have less TRM than responders. | |||
| Head and neck cancer | Vaccination, anti–TGF-β mAb | STxB-E7 vaccination induces TRM and inhibits tumor growth. | Nizard et al., 2017 |
| TFG-β blockade inhibits TRM formation after vaccine immunization, resulting in lower vaccine efficacy. | |||
| Melanoma | “Prime-boost” immunization (CpG ODN 1826, OVA) | Subcutaneous antigen injection and epicutaneous CpG ODN adjuvant administration correlate with enhanced numbers of CD103+CD8+ cells in the skin, enhance TCIRC in the blood, and prevent tumor development. | Lai et al., 2019 |
| Vaccination (pVAX-OVA/DNA-OVA and pcDNA-GP100/DNA-GP100) | Vaccination-induced TRM strongly suppress the growth of melanoma cells independently of TCIRC. | Gálvez-Cancino et al., 2018 | |
| Anti–PD-1 mAb (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) | CD103+ cells significantly expand early during treatment. | Edwards et al., 2018 | |
| Adoptive T cell transfer | Runx3-deficient CD8+ cells fail to infiltrate the tumor, resulting in higher tumor growth and mortality. | Milner et al., 2017 | |
| Runx3 overexpression enhances CD8+ cell tumor infiltration, inhibits tumor growth, and prolongs OS. | |||
| T reg depletion and tumor removal | Skin-resident TRM are necessary for rejection of tumor rechallenge and long-lived melanoma immune protection. | Malik et al., 2017 | |
| Adoptive T cell transfer, anti–PD-1 mAb | Anti–PD-1 boosts TRM tumor infiltration and improves antitumor immunity after TCM transfer. | Enamorado et al., 2017 | |
| Anti-CD103, anti–VLA-1 mAb | Blockade of CD103 or VLA-1 on TRM impairs tumor control. | Murray et al., 2016 | |
| Adoptive T cell transfer, anti-CD103 mAb | Transfer of CD8+CD103+ cells enhances tumor growth, whereas CD103 blockade inhibits tumorigenesis. | Gabriely et al., 2017 |
HPV, human papillomavirus; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; OS, overall survival; PDX, patient-derived xenograft; STxB, B subunit of Shiga toxin; TCIRC, circulating memory T cells; VLA-1, very late antigen 1.