Table 3.
Independently associated factors with psychological distress among the Ethiopian population during COVID-19 pandemic, 2020
| Variable | COR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | ||||||
|
18–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50 and above |
1.34 3.13 2.69 2.62 2.91 2.46 1 |
0.42–4.33 1.18–8.32 1.02–7.06 0.96–7.10 1.02–8.32 0.79–7.69 |
0.623 0.022 0.045 0.059 0.046 0.120 |
1.17 3.21 3.31 3.42 4.27 3.17 1 |
0.28–4.82 1.03–10.00 1.10–10.01 1.12–10.41 1.35–13.56 0.90–11.18 |
0.826 0.045* 0.034* 0.030* 0.014* 0.072 |
| Sex | ||||||
|
Male Female |
0.93 1 |
0.58–1.48 | 0.755 |
0. 77 1 |
0.45–1.31 | 0. 342 |
| Educational qualification | ||||||
|
Diploma BSc/BA MSc/MA MD-GP MD-resident Ph.D MD-specialist |
1.10 2.38 1.59 1.55 1.29 1.60 1 |
0.31–3.92 0.99–5.72 0.69–3.68 0.58–4.18 0.43–3.85 0.63–4.07 |
0.878 0.052 0.277 0.382 0.653 0.327 |
1.89 2.11 1.36 1.47 1.20 1.79 1 |
0.43–8.32 0.76–5.85 0.52–3.52 0.46–4.65 0.34–4.28 0.60–5.33 |
0.398 0.152 0.528 0.514 0.773 0.295 |
| Occupation | ||||||
|
Student No job Self and private employed Health workers University employed |
0.77 0.79 1.43 1.23 1 |
0.41–1.42 0.22–2.86 0.94–2.18 0.86–1.77 |
0.398 0.723 0.096 0.261 |
0.96 0.78 1.22 0.99 1 |
0.42–2.20 0.18–3.43 0.73–2.06 0.61–1.60 |
0.925 0.743 0.447 0.957 |
| Current place of residence | ||||||
|
District town Zonal town Regional town Administrative city |
1 0.70 0.67 0.74 |
0.43–1.14 0.38–1.18 0.42–1.30 |
0.157 0.163 0.290 |
1 0.82 0.79 0.93 |
0.46–1.45 0.40–1.56 0.48–1.78 |
0.495 0.499 0.822 |
| Getting information from social media | ||||||
|
No Yes |
1 1.31 |
0.98–1.77 | 0.070 |
1 1.42 |
1.02–1.99 | 0.039* |
| Getting information from health care workers | ||||||
|
No Yes |
0.66 1 |
0.45–0.99 | 0.044 | 0.71 | 0.45–1.12 | 0.146 |
| I am confident that I can wash my hands frequently with soap and water | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
0.61 4.57 1.70 1.79 1 |
0.07–5.00 2.07–10.11 0.87–3.31 1.30–2.46 |
0.642 0.001 0.120 0.001 |
0.19 4.17 1.56 1.43 |
0.01–5.08 1.43–12.15 0.65–3.79 0.91–2.24 |
0.321 0.009* 0.319 0.117 |
| Have the resource (water, soap) to wash my hands | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
2.30 3.51 1.36 1.17 1 |
1.07–4.94 1.99–6.21 0.61–3.05 0.84–1.63 |
0.033 0.001 0.451 0.343 |
1.45 2.62 0.98 1.20 1 |
0.53–3.94 1.20–5.70 0.39–2.47 0.76–1.88 |
0.466 0.015* 0.962 0.430 |
| Confident that I can stay at home easily to prevent COVID-19 | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
1.94 1.05 0.95 1.13 1 |
1.14–3.32 0.65–1.68 0.55–1.63 0.73–1.75 |
0.015 0.854 0.852 0.577 |
1.50 0.73 0.71 0.99 1 |
0.71–3.17 0.39–1.36 0.36–1.39 0.57–1.70 |
0.283 0.326 0.316 0.958 |
| Confident that I can avoid crowed places and close contact | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
1.54 1.36 1.26 1.10 1 |
0.64–3.73 0.77–2.40 0.75–2.13 0.78–1.56 |
0.339 0.291 0.382 0.578 |
0.91 0.76 1.14 1.05 1 |
0.28–2.96 0.34–1.69 0.56–2.32 0.65–1.71 |
0.879 0.500 0.711 0.843 |
| Always cover cough using the bend of my elbow | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
2.20 1.71 1.38 0.92 1 |
0.48–10.06 0.85–3.47 0.72–2.64 0.66–1.27 |
0.308 0.135 0.326 0.604 |
0.98 1.11 1.26 1.07 1 |
0.09–10.69 0.41–2.99 0.52–3.05 0.65–1.76 |
0.985 0.837 0.606 0.778 |
| Avoid touching my eyes nose and mouth to prevent infection of COVID-19 | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
3.92 1.04 0.95 0.89 1 |
1.21–12.72 0.48–2.24 0.54–1.66 0.64–1.24 |
0.023 0.928 0.851 0.493 |
3.34 0.76 0.75 0.75 |
0.49–22.56 0.27–2.10 0.33–1.70 0.44–1.27 |
0.217 0.594 0.494 0.281 |
| Maintain at least 2-m distance between myself and any other individuals | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
1.36 1.16 1.43 0.91 1 |
0.45–4.06 0.67–2.02 0.86–2.36 0.64–1.31 |
0.587 0.585 0.165 0.629 |
0.73 0.66 1.28 0.79 1 |
0.16–3.33 0.31–1.41 0.66–2.49 0.48–1.32 |
0.684 0.287 0.470 0.374 |
| Believing that COVID-19 is extremely harmful | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
1.18 0.43 0.83 0.71 1 |
0.66–2.11 0.22–0.85 0.44–1.55 0.51–0.99 |
0.571 0.015 0.552 0.043 |
1.38 0.55 0.70 0.70 1 |
0.71–2.68 0.26–1.14 0.34–1.42 0.48–1.02 |
0.346 0.107 0.323 0.064 |
| Have the skill to follow recommended handwashing practices to prevent COVID-19 infection | ||||||
|
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree |
1.03 8.01 2.29 1.32 1 |
0.28–3.81 2.04–31.49 0.63–8.25 0.98–1.79 |
0.964 0.003 0.205 0.070 |
0.81 5.39 2.19 1.14 1 |
0.06–10.47 1.17–24.87 0.45–10.61 0.72–1.81 |
0.873 0.031* 0.331 0.569 |
Statistically significant values were shown in asterisk (*) at p-value less than 0.05