Table 1. The gut microbiome in inflammatory skin diseases.

Inflammatory skin diseases	Reference
Atopic dermatitis (AD)
• Escherichia coli in the gut increases the risk of developing eczema.	Penders et al.43
• Clostridioides difficile in the gut increases the risk of all atopic outcomes.	Penders et al.43
• Bifidobacterium in the gut is decreased in AD and the decrease is correlated with severity of AD symptoms.	Watanabe et al.45
• Certain gut microbiota are enriched in AD children with food allergy.	Fieten et al.46
Psoriasis
• Clostridiales and Erysipelotrichales in the gut are necessary for induction of imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis.	Zákostelská et al.57
• Akkermansia muciniphila is decreased in the gut of psoriasis patients.	Tan et al.59
• Bacteroides and Proteobacteria are decreased and Actinobacteria and Firmicutes are increased in the gut of psoriasis patients.	Hidalgo-Cantabrana et al.60
• Actinobacteria and Firmicutes are increased in the gut of psoriasis patients.	Shapiro et al.61
• “Psoriatic core intestinal microbiome” is associated with increased lipopolysaccharides function and bacterial translocation into peripheral blood.	Shapiro et al.61
Rosacea
• SIBO treatment with rifaximin in rosacea patients demonstrated resolution of skin symptoms.	Parodi et al.67
• Gut dysbiosis was demonstrated in a group of Korean female rosacea patients.	Nam et al.69

SIBO: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.