Table 2.

Demographic background and labour status by commuting status and countries of destination. (%, mean years and Euros)

	DE NCBWs	DE CBWs	p1	BE NCBWs	BE CBWs	p1	CH NCBWs	CH CBWs	p1	LU NCBWs	LU CBWs	p1	Total NCBWs	Total CBWs	p1
Adjustment variables: Demographic background
Sex: Male (%)	51	66	**	51	64	*	49	64	***	51	67	***	51	65	***
Age (Mean years)	41	46	***	40	39	NS	41	40	NS	41	39	***	41	41	NS
Education: Up to secondary education (%)	64	70	NS	59	71	***	65	57	***	63	66	NS	62	62	NS
Occupational category: Blue collar (%)	28	47	**	23	55	***	27	31	NS	26	38	**	25	37	***
Father’s occupational category: Blue collar (%)	43	49	NS	42	51	**	39	38	NS	45	51	NS	41	43	NS
Born abroad (%)	11	26	***	6	19	***	9	18	***	9	13	**	8	18	***
Cohabiting (%)	67	76	NS	69	72	NS	71	71	**	67	68	NS	69	71	NS
Children (%)	49	41	NS	52	61	**	53	53	*	50	55	NS	52	53	NS
Urban area (%)	39	18	***	51	43	**	10	6	***	42	20	***	34	14	***
Full adjustment variables: Labour status
Permanency of the job: Permanent contract (%)	87	89	NS	85	84	NS	88	94	***	86	90	*	87	92	***
Sector: Industry & construction (%)	24	57	***	19	47	***	27	39	***	21	34	***	23	40	***
Number of persons working at the local unit: > = 500 workers (%)	17	33	***	17	16	*	12	22	***	14	21	***	15	22	***
Wage (Mean €)	1817	2789	***	1808	2153	***	1791	4027	***	1835	2558	***	1814	3383	***
Full-time/part-time employment: Full-time employment (%)	82	90	**	81	90	**	82	77	**	81	86	**	82	82	NS
Overtime (%)	26	34	***	25	19	NS	28	31	NS	26	23	NS	26	28	NS
Night work: yes (%)	12	15	NS	11	22	NS	10	11	NS	13	20	**	11	14	*
N	6895	233		8304	279		6941	1316		3828	607		20372	2456

DE NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Germany. Are working and dwelling in France

DE CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Germany. Are working in Germany and dwelling in France

BE NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Belgium. Are working and dwelling in France

BE CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Belgium. Are working in Belgium and dwelling in France

CH NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Switzerland. Are working and dwelling in France

CH CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Switzerland. Are working in Switzerland and dwelling in France

LU NCBWs: Non-commuters toward Luxembourg. Are working and dwelling in France

LU CBWs: Cross-border workers toward Luxembourg. Are working in Luxembourg and dwelling in France

p¹: significance p* ≤ 0.1 | p** ≤ 0.05 | p*** ≤ 0.01; chi-square test for qualitative variables and Student’s t-test for quantitative variables; significance level of the difference between the total NCBWs and the total CBWs. Aggregation of contingency tables 2 × 2 with 1 degree of freedom, except for age and wage