Table 2.
Prevalence of recent (last 12 months) and lifetime psychological violence, lifetime economic abuse and lifetime controlling behaviour against women aged 18–64 years in two cross-sectional studies in New Zealand and their changes
| Violence type | Lifetime n% (95% CI)* | OR 95% CI | Past 12 months n% (95% CI) | OR 95% CI | ||
| 2003 | 2019 | 2003 | 2019 | |||
| Psychological abuse (n) | (n=2673) | (n=935) | (n=2673) | (n=935) | ||
| Insulted | 1216 45.8 (43.77 to 47.90) |
420 42.5 (38.72 to 46.34) |
0.87 (0.73 to 1.04) | 368 14.8 (13.27 to 1.41) |
104 11.2 (8.90 to 13.47) |
0.72 (0.56 to 0.93) |
| Humiliated | 805 30.1 (28.22 to 32.00) |
303 30.5 (27.13 to 33.94) |
1.02 (0.85 to 1.22) | 187 7.6 (6.47 to 8.68) |
54 5.6 (4.03 to 7.09) |
0.72 (0.51 to 1.00) |
| Intimidated | 705 26.4 (24.56 to 28.33) |
245 24.8 (21.75 to 27.91) |
0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 151 6.3 (5.18 to 7.34) |
24 2.6 (1.52 to 3.79) |
0.41 (0.25 to 0.66) |
| Threatened | 501 18.6 (16.96 to 20.20) |
155 15.5 (13.08 to 18.00) |
0.81 (0.65 to 1.00) | 78 3.2 (2.43 to 3.99) |
10 1.2 (0.42 to 1.97) |
0.36 (0.18 to 0.69) |
| At least one act of abuse | 1367 51.4 (49.37 to 53.47) |
489 49.3 (45.20 to 53.43) |
0.92 (0.76 to 1.10) | 430 17.4 (15.67 to 19.06) |
131 14.0 (11.58 to 16.40) |
0.77 (0.61 to 0.98) |
| Two or more acts of abuse | 922 34.3 (32.39 to 36.32) |
327 33.2 (29.83 to 36.60) |
0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 207 8.4 (7.25 to 9.57) |
45 4.7 (3.24 to 6.15) |
0.54 (0.37 to 0.77) |
| Economic abuse (n) | 2123 | 802 | ||||
| Taken her money | 53 2.7 (1.85 to 3.48) |
45 5.6 (3.70 to 7.43) |
2.15 (1.34 to 3.46) | |||
| Refused to give money for household expenses | 60 2.8 (2.10 to 3.58) |
58 6.6 (4.89 to 8.40) |
2.44 (1.65 to 3.60) | |||
| At least one act of abuse | 93 4.5 (3.47 to 5.49) |
75 8.9 (6.72 to 11.07) |
2.08 (1.45 to 2.97) | |||
| Controlling behaviour | ||||||
| Stopped her from seeing friends | 226 9.2 (7.89 to 10.50) |
153 15.5 (13.09 to 18.00) |
1.82 (1.42 to 2.32) | |||
| Restricted contact with her family | 132 5.3 (4.27 to 6.35) |
84 8.5 (6.61 to 10.46) |
1.67 (1.21 to 2.30) | |||
| Insisted to know where she is in ways that made her feel controlled or frightened | 458 18.1 (16.36 to 19.84) |
185 18.9 (16.23 to 21.68) |
1.06 (0.85 to 1.31) | |||
| At least one act of controlling behaviour | 531 20.8 (18.96 to 22.57) |
223 22.6 (19.69 to 25.53) |
1.11 (0.92 to 1.36) | |||
| Two or more acts of controlling behaviour | 199 8.2 (6.98 to 9.51) |
132 13.4 (11.05 to 15.74) |
1.72 (1.32 to 2.34) | |||
*Weighted % and 95% CIs are presented.