Table 4.
Characteristics of women reporting lifetime experience of controlling behaviours and economic abuse by their intimate partner, in two cross-sectional New Zealand studies
| Abuse type | Controlling behaviour % (95% CI) | *Univariate model | †Multivariate model | Economic abuse % (95% CI) | *Univariate model I | †Multivariate model II | ||
| Year | 2003 | 2019 | 2003 | 2019 | ||||
| Acts of abuse | Two/more | Two/more | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | One/more | One/more | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
| n (row%) | n (row%) | n (row%) | n (row%) | |||||
| Year (ref=2003) | 199 (8.2) | 132 (18.4) | 1.72 (1.32 to 2.24) | 1.98 (1.47 to 2.64) | 93 (4.5) | 75 (8.9) | 2.08 (1.45 to 2.97) | 1.84 (1.30 to 2.62) |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–<30 | 36 (10.0) | 18 (13.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 16 (5.9) | 7 (8.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30–<45 | 91 (7.9) | 42 (13.2) | 0.83 (0.57 to 1.19) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.57) | 51 (5.3) | 24 (7.5) | 0.85 (0.49 to 1.47) | 1.60 (1.30 to 2.62) |
| 45–<55 | 43 (8.0) | 41 (14.7) | 0.94 (0.63 to 1.39) | 1.18 (0.76 to 1.84) | 17 (3.1) | 25 (10.2) | 0.82 (0.45 to 1.46) | 1.62 (0.85 to 3.08) |
| ≥55 | 30 (7.4) | 31 (12.1) | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) | 0.84 (0.50 to 1.40) | 9 (3.3) | 19 (9.5) | 0.83 (0.45 to 1.55) | 1.75 (0.89 to 3.45) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary/secondary | 134 (9.7) | 54 (15.3) | 1.00 | – | 57 (5.2) | 28 (10.3) | 1.00 | – |
| Tertiary | 65 (6.5) | 78 (12.5) | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) | – | 35 (3.6) | 46 (8.1) | 0.84 (0.59 to 1.18) | – |
| Relationship status | ||||||||
| Married | 45 (3.1) | 53 (8.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 55 (3.4) | 42 (6.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cohabiting | 37 (7.0) | 39 (18.9) | 2.31 (1.64 to 3.24) | 2.30 (1.59 to 3.33) | 38 (8.8) | 33 (17.3) | 3.07 (2.16 to 4.34) | 3.22 (2.21 to 4.70) |
| Divorced/separated/broken up | 107 (31.2) | 36 (27.7) | 8.84 (6.50 to 12.01) | 8.88 (6.42 to 12.28) | – | – | – | |
| Widowed/partner died | 10 (15.2) | 4 (11.8) | 3.30 (1.79 to 6.11) | 3.28 (1.65 to 6.52) | – | – | – | |
| Independent income | ||||||||
| Yes | 168 (7.0) | 101 (14.0) | 1.18 (0.85 to 1.65) | – | 67 (4.2) | 55 (8.6) | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.16) | – |
| No | 30 (7.0) | 31 (11.7) | 1.00 | – | 26 (5.5) | 20 (9.6) | 1.00 | – |
| Deprivation level | ||||||||
| Least deprived | 36 (4.9) | 29 (9.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19 (2.5) | 20 (7.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderately deprived | 76 (7.7) | 40 (10.1) | 1.41 (0.97 to 2.04) | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.63) | 31 (3.8) | 25 (7.6) | 1.37 (0.88 to 2.13) | 1.29 (0.83 to 1.99) |
| Most deprived | 86 (12.9) | 63 (20.1) | 2.77 (1.92 to 4.00) | 2.30 (1.59 to 2.84) | 43 (8.5) | 30 (11.8) | 2.83 (1.81 to 4.42) | 2.22 (2.21 to 4.70) |
| Having family support | ||||||||
| Yes | 164 (7.6) | 112 (12.6) | 0.55 (0.39 to 0.79) | 0.64 (0.42 to 0.96) | 84 (4.4) | 64 (8.1) | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.19) | – |
| No | 35 (13.8) | 16 (19.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 8 (4.8) | 10 (18.2) | 1.00 | – |
*OR from logistic regression were calculated using the pooled database.
†ORs were adjusted for age, relationship status and deprivation status. For controlling behaviour abuse, education status and having family support were also included in the multivariate model.
AOR, adjusted OR.