Table 1.
The prevalence of anosmia among COVID-19 patients around the globe.
| Study Design | Country | COVID-19 | Prevalence (%) | 95%CI | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anosmia | Total | |||||
| Retrospective | Singapore | 53 | 305 | 17.38 | 13.12, 21.63 | 131 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 9 | 29 | 31.03 | 14.20, 47.87 | 119 |
| Prospective | France | 31 | 225 | 13.78 | 9.27, 18.28 | 132 |
| Case control | Spain | 25 | 79 | 31.65 | 21.39, 41.90 | 133 |
| Retrospective | Taiwan | 42 | 321 | 13.08 | 9.39, 16.77 | 134 |
| Case control | Canada | 69 | 134 | 51.49 | 43.03, 59.95 | 135 |
| Case control | US | 60 | 101 | 59.41 | 49.83, 68.98 | 136 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 13 | 213 | 6.10 | 2.89, 9.32 | 137 |
| Cross sectional | US | 40 | 59 | 67.80 | 55.87, 79.72 | 138 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 138 | 197 | 70.05 | 63.65, 76.45 | 139 |
| Cross sectional | Brazil | 539 | 655 | 82.29 | 79.37, 85.21 | 140 |
| Retrospective | Pakistan | 4 | 30 | 13.33 | 1.17, 25.50 | 141 |
| Retrospective | Spain | 90 | 375 | 24.00 | 19.68, 28.32 | 142 |
| Observational | Europe | 997 | 1420 | 70.21 | 67.83, 72.59 | 143 |
| Prospective | South Korea | 68 | 172 | 39.53 | 32.23, 46.84 | 144 |
| Prospective | France | 62 | 197 | 31.47 | 24.99, 37.96 | 145 |
| Retrospective | USA | 45 | 251 | 17.93 | 13.18, 22.67 | 146 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 14 | 22 | 63.64 | 43.53, 83.74 | 147 |
| Cross sectional | India | 62 | 230 | 26.96 | 21.22, 32.69 | 148 |
| Cross sectional | US | 22 | 168 | 13.10 | 7.99, 18.20 | 149 |
| Cross sectional | Hongkong | 39 | 83 | 46.99 | 36.25, 57.73 | 150 |
| Retrospective | France | 54 | 114 | 47.37 | 38.20, 56.53 | 151 |
| Retrospective | Japan | 19 | 32 | 59.38 | 42.36, 76.39 | 152 |
| Prospective | Taiwan | 78 | 217 | 35.94 | 29.56, 42.33 | 153 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 18 | 172 | 10.47 | 5.89, 15.04 | 154 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 17 | 84 | 20.24 | 11.65, 28.83 | 155 |
| Prospective | Italy | 40 | 108 | 37.04 | 27.93, 46.14 | 156 |
| Cross sectional | Egypt | 80 | 96 | 83.33 | 75.88, 90.79 | 157 |
| Retrospective | Kenya | 279 | 787 | 35.45 | 32.11, 38.79 | 158 |
| Cross sectional | Germany | 29 | 73 | 39.73 | 28.50, 50.95 | 159 |
| Prospective | UK | 1 | 40 | 2.50 | 0.00, 7.34 | 160 |
| Cross sectional | India | 121 | 655 | 18.47 | 15.50, 21.45 | 161 |
| Cross sectional | France | 140 | 299 | 46.82 | 41.17, 52.48 | 162 |
| Retrospective | France | 54 | 114 | 47.37 | 38.20, 56.53 | 163 |
| Prospective | Iran | 22 | 92 | 23.91 | 15.20, 32.63 | 164 |
| Retrospective | US | 58 | 509 | 11.39 | 8.63, 14.16 | 165 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 28 | 45 | 62.22 | 48.06, 76.39 | 166 |
| Cross sectional | Brazil | 28 | 73 | 38.36 | 27.20, 49.51 | 167 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 157 | 262 | 59.92 | 53.99, 65.86 | 168 |
| Retrospective | France | 17 | 55 | 30.91 | 18.70, 43.12 | 169 |
| Cross sectional | UK | 344 | 579 | 59.41 | 55.41, 63.41 | 170 |
| Retrospective | Somalia | 24 | 60 | 40.00 | 27.60, 52.40 | 171 |
| Prospective | US | 18 | 42 | 42.86 | 27.89, 57.82 | 172 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 33 | 143 | 23.08 | 16.17, 29.98 | 173 |
| Retrospective | China | 11 | 214 | 5.14 | 2.18, 8.10 | 174 |
| Retrospective | Brazil | 8 | 1208 | 0.66 | 0.20, 1.12 | 175 |
| Retrospective | US | 3 | 50 | 6.00 | 0.00, 12.58 | 176 |
| Cross sectional | India | 26 | 391 | 6.65 | 4.18, 9.12 | 177 |
| Retrospective | China | 34 | 86 | 39.53 | 29.20, 49.87 | 178 |
| Retrospective | France | 37 | 70 | 52.86 | 41.16, 64.55 | 179 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 34 | 54 | 62.96 | 50.08, 75.84 | 180 |
| Retrospective | UK | 80 | 141 | 56.74 | 48.56, 64.92 | 181 |
| Prospective | Italy | 44 | 72 | 61.11 | 49.85, 72.37 | 182 |
| Retrospective | Belgium | 27 | 47 | 57.45 | 43.31, 71.58 | 183 |
| Case control | Israel | 3 | 16 | 18.75 | 0.00, 37.88 | 184 |
| Case control | Turkey | 50 | 81 | 61.73 | 51.14, 72.31 | 185 |
| Retrospective | China, France Germany | 154 | 394 | 39.09 | 34.27, 43.90 | 186 |
| Retrospective | Malaysia | 31 | 145 | 21.38 | 14.71, 28.05 | 187 |
| Retrospective | Europe | 357 | 417 | 85.61 | 82.24, 88.98 | 188 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 29 | 100 | 29.00 | 20.11, 37.89 | 189 |
| Cohort | Italy | 126 | 151 | 83.44 | 77.52, 89.37 | 190 |
| Cross sectional | Switzerland | 63 | 103 | 61.17 | 51.75, 70.58 | 191 |
| Case control | Italy | 26 | 43 | 60.47 | 45.85, 75.08 | 192 |
| Retrospective | Germany | 80 | 91 | 87.91 | 81.21, 94.61 | 193 |
| Prospective | Israel | 78 | 112 | 69.64 | 61.13, 78.16 | 194 |
| Cohort | India | 29 | 225 | 12.89 | 8.51, 17.27 | 195 |
| Case control | Turkey | 44 | 116 | 37.93 | 29.10, 46.76 | 196 |
| Retrospective | Turkey | 55 | 155 | 35.48 | 27.95, 43.02 | 197 |
| Retrospective | France | 1442 | 3737 | 38.59 | 37.03, 40.15 | 198 |
| Retrospective | South Korea | 5 | 328 | 1.52 | 0.20, 2.85 | 199 |
| Prospective | US | 23 | 46 | 50.00 | 35.55, 64.45 | 200 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 46 | 58 | 79.31 | 68.89, 89.74 | 201 |
| Cross sectional | Germany | 22 | 34 | 64.71 | 48.64, 80.77 | 202 |
| Cohort | US | 145 | 273 | 53.11 | 47.19, 59.03 | 203 |
| Retrospective | Europe | 3 | 204 | 1.47 | 0.00, 3.12 | 204 |
| Cohort | US | 32 | 318 | 10.06 | 6.76, 13.37 | 205 |
| Prospective | South Korea | 389 | 3191 | 12.19 | 11.06, 13.33 | 206 |
| Prospective | France | 81 | 115 | 70.43 | 62.09, 78.78 | 207 |
| Retrospective | China | 30 | 196 | 15.31 | 10.27, 20.35 | 208 |
| Retrospective | Iran | 96 | 100 | 96.00 | 92.16, 99.84 | 209 |
| Retrospective | Qatar | 19 | 141 | 13.48 | 7.84, 19.11 | 210 |
| Cross sectional | 22 | 100 | 22.00 | 13.88, 30.12 | 211 | |
| Cross sectional | France | 129 | 390 | 33.08 | 28.41, 37.75 | 212 |
| Case control | India | 11 | 74 | 14.86 | 6.76, 22.97 | 213 |
| Retrospective | Turkey | 529 | 1197 | 44.19 | 41.38, 47.01 | 214 |
| Case control | Israel | 76 | 112 | 67.86 | 59.21, 76.51 | 215 |
| Cross sectional | Canada | 31 | 56 | 55.36 | 42.34, 68.38 | 216 |
| Retrospective | US | 75 | 169 | 44.38 | 36.89, 51.87 | 217 |
| Retrospective | China | 134 | 1172 | 11.43 | 9.61, 13.26 | 218 |
| Cohort | US | 15 | 177 | 8.47 | 4.37, 12.58 | 219 |
| Cross sectional | Greece | 29 | 79 | 36.71 | 26.08, 47.34 | 220 |
| Cross sectional | Saudi Arabia | 28 | 128 | 21.88 | 14.71, 29.04 | 221 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 283 | 508 | 55.71 | 51.39, 60.03 | 222 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 237 | 355 | 66.76 | 61.86, 71.66 | 223 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 26 | 31 | 83.87 | 70.92, 96.82 | 224 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 454 | 846 | 53.66 | 50.30, 57.02 | 225 |
| Prospective | Italy | 84 | 138 | 60.87 | 52.73, 69.01 | 226 |
| Case control | Brazil | 23 | 57 | 40.35 | 27.61, 53.09 | 227 |
| Case control | Iran | 59 | 60 | 98.33 | 95.09, 100.00 | 228 |
| Retrospective | US | 198 | 949 | 20.86 | 18.28, 23.45 | 229 |
| Prospective | Italy | 46 | 50 | 92.00 | 84.48, 99.52 | 230 |
| Cross sectional | Turkey | 71 | 223 | 31.84 | 25.72, 37.95 | 231 |
| Prospective | Italy | 44 | 67 | 65.67 | 54.30, 77.04 | 232 |
| Prospective | India | 62 | 76 | 81.58 | 72.86, 90.29 | 233 |
| Cross sectional | Brazil | 159 | 179 | 88.83 | 84.21, 93.44 | 234 |
| Retrospective | Global | 1324 | 1698 | 77.97 | 76.00, 79.95 | 235 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 46 | 111 | 41.44 | 32.28, 50.61 | 236 |