Table 2.
The prevalence of dysgeusia among COVID-19 patients around the globe.
| Study design | Country | COVID-19 | Prevalence (%) | 95%CI | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dysgeusia | Total | |||||
| Retrospective | Singapore | 53 | 305 | 17.38 | 13.12, 21.63 | 131 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 6 | 29 | 20.69 | 5.95, 35.43 | 119 |
| Case control | Spain | 29 | 79 | 36.71 | 26.08, 47.34 | 133 |
| Retrospective | Taiwan | 42 | 321 | 13.08 | 9.39, 16.77 | 134 |
| Case control | Canada | 69 | 134 | 51.49 | 43.03, 59.95 | 135 |
| Case control | US | 60 | 101 | 59.41 | 49.83, 68.98 | 136 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 6 | 213 | 2.82 | 0.59, 5.04 | 137 |
| Cross sectional | US | 42 | 59 | 71.19 | 59.63, 82.74 | 138 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 128 | 197 | 64.97 | 58.31, 71.64 | 139 |
| Prospective | Brazil | 502 | 655 | 76.64 | 73.40, 79.88 | 140 |
| Retrospective | Pakistan | 4 | 30 | 13.33 | 1.17, 25.50 | 141 |
| Retrospective | Spain | 90 | 375 | 24.00 | 19.68, 28.32 | 142 |
| Cross sectional | Europe | 770 | 1420 | 54.23 | 51.63, 56.82 | 143 |
| Prospective | South Korea | 58 | 172 | 33.72 | 26.66, 40.79 | 144 |
| Prospective | France | 56 | 197 | 28.43 | 22.13, 34.73 | 145 |
| Retrospective | USA | 41 | 251 | 16.33 | 11.76, 20.91 | 146 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 14 | 22 | 63.64 | 43.53. 83.74 | 147 |
| Cross sectional | India | 25 | 230 | 10.87 | 6.85. 14.89 | 148 |
| Cross sectional | US | 15 | 168 | 8.93 | 4.62, 13.24 | 149 |
| Cross sectional | Hongkong | 36 | 83 | 43.37 | 32.71, 54.04 | 150 |
| Retrospective | France | 54 | 114 | 47.37 | 38.20. 56.53 | 151 |
| Retrospective | Japan | 18 | 32 | 56.25 | 39.06, 73.44 | 152 |
| Prospective | Taiwan | 78 | 217 | 35.94 | 29.56, 42.33 | 153 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 11 | 172 | 6.40 | 2.74, 10.05 | 154 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 26 | 84 | 30.95 | 21.07, 40.84 | 155 |
| Prospective | Italy | 66 | 108 | 61.11 | 51.92, 70.31 | 156 |
| Prospective | Iran | 66 | 76 | 86.84 | 79.24, 94.44 | 122 |
| Retrospective | Kenya | 279 | 787 | 35.45 | 32.11, 39.79 | 158 |
| Cross sectional | Germany | 29 | 73 | 39.73 | 28.50, 50.95 | 159 |
| Cross sectional | France | 124 | 299 | 41.47 | 35.89, 47.05 | 162 |
| Retrospective | France | 46 | 54 | 85.19 | 75.71, 94.66 | 163 |
| Prospective | Iran | 15 | 92 | 16.30 | 8.76, 23.85 | 164 |
| Retrospective | Illinois | 81 | 509 | 15.91 | 12.74, 19.09 | 165 |
| Cross sectional | Brazil | 29 | 73 | 39.73 | 28.50, 50.95 | 167 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 157 | 262 | 59.92 | 53.99, 65.86 | 168 |
| Retrospective | France | 17 | 55 | 30.91 | 18.70, 43.12 | 169 |
| Cross sectional | UK | 344 | 579 | 59.41 | 55.41, 63.41 | 170 |
| Retrospective | Somalia | 17 | 60 | 28.33 | 16.93, 39.74 | 171 |
| Prospective | US | 24 | 42 | 57.14 | 42.18, 72.11 | 172 |
| Prospective | Turkey | 51 | 143 | 35.66 | 27.81, 43.52 | 173 |
| Retrospective | China | 12 | 214 | 5.61 | 2.52, 8.69 | 174 |
| Retrospective | Brazil | 3 | 1208 | 0.25 | 0.00, 0.53 | 175 |
| Retrospective | Illinois | 5 | 50 | 10.00 | 1.68, 18.32 | 176 |
| Retrospective | China | 12 | 214 | 5.61 | 2.52, 8.69 | 237 |
| Cross sectional | India | 35 | 391 | 8.95 | 6.12, 11.78 | 177 |
| Retrospective | China | 33 | 86 | 38.37 | 28.09, 48.65 | 178 |
| Retrospective | France | 34 | 70 | 48.57 | 36.86, 60.28 | 179 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 34 | 54 | 62.96 | 50.08, 75.84 | 115 |
| Retrospective | UK | 89 | 141 | 63.12 | 55.16, 71.08 | 181 |
| Prospective | Italy | 39 | 72 | 54.17 | 42.66, 65.68 | 182 |
| Case control | Turkey | 43 | 52 | 82.69 | 72.41, 92.97 | 125 |
| Prospective | Belgium | 37 | 86 | 43.02 | 32.56, 53.49 | 238 |
| Retrospective | Belgium | 6 | 47 | 12.77 | 3.23, 22.31 | 183 |
| Case control | Israel | 3 | 16 | 18.75 | 0.00, 37.88 | 184 |
| Case control | Turkey | 22 | 81 | 27.16 | 17.47, 36.85 | 185 |
| Retrospective | China, France Germany | 100 | 394 | 25.38 | 21.08, 29.68 | 186 |
| Retrospective | Malaysia | 34 | 145 | 23.45 | 16.55, 30.34 | 187 |
| Retrospective | Europe | 342 | 417 | 82.01 | 78.33, 85.70 | 188 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 41 | 100 | 41.00 | 31.36, 50.64 | 189 |
| Cohort | Italy | 135 | 151 | 89.40 | 84.49, 94.31 | 190 |
| Cross sectional | Switzerland | 67 | 103 | 65.05 | 55.84, 74. 26 | 191 |
| Prospective | Israel | 82 | 112 | 73.21 | 65.01, 81.42 | 194 |
| Cohort | India | 39 | 225 | 17.33 | 12.39, 22.28 | 195 |
| Case control | turkey | 48 | 116 | 41.38 | 32.42, 50.34 | 196 |
| Retrospective | turkey | 25 | 155 | 16.13 | 10.34, 21.92 | 197 |
| Retrospective | France | 1389 | 3737 | 37.17 | 35.62, 38.72 | 198 |
| Cross sectional | Iran | 37 | 49 | 75.51 | 63.47, 87.55 | 129 |
| Prospective | NA | 476 | 751 | 63.38 | 59.94, 66.83 | 239 |
| Retrospective | South Korea | 3 | 328 | 0.91 | 0.00, 19.94 | 199 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 51 | 58 | 87.93 | 79.55, 96.31 | 201 |
| Cohort | US | 145 | 273 | 53.11 | 47.19, 59.03 | 203 |
| Retrospective | Europe | 3 | 204 | 1.47 | 0.00, 3.12 | 204 |
| Cohort | US | 24 | 318 | 7.55 | 4.64, 10.45 | 205 |
| Prospective | South Korea | 353 | 3191 | 11.06 | 9.97, 12.15 | 206 |
| Prospective | France | 81 | 115 | 70.43 | 62.09, 78.78 | 207 |
| Retrospective | China | 23 | 196 | 11.73 | 7.23, 16.24 | 208 |
| Retrospective | Qatar | 28 | 141 | 19.86 | 13.27, 26.44 | 210 |
| Cross sectional | India | 40 | 100 | 40.00 | 30.40, 49.60 | 211 |
| Cross sectional | France | 130 | 390 | 33.33 | 28.65, 38.01 | 212 |
| Retrospective | Turkey | 526 | 1197 | 43.94 | 41.13, 46.75 | 214 |
| Case control | Israel | 80 | 112 | 71.43 | 63.06, 79.80 | 215 |
| Cross sectional | Canada | 32 | 56 | 57.14 | 44.18, 70.10 | 216 |
| Retrospective | US | 70 | 169 | 41.42 | 33.99, 48.85 | 217 |
| Retrospective | China | 242 | 1172 | 20.65 | 18.33, 22.97 | 218 |
| Cohort | US | 15 | 177 | 8.47 | 4.37, 12.58 | 219 |
| Cross sectional | Greece | 22 | 79 | 27.85 | 17.96, 37.73 | 220 |
| Cross sectional | Saudi Arabia | 28 | 128 | 21.88 | 14.71, 29.04 | 221 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 321 | 508 | 63.19 | 58.99, 67.38 | 222 |
| Cross sectional | Italy | 232 | 355 | 65.35 | 60.40, 70.30 | 223 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 4 | 31 | 12.90 | 1.10, 24.70 | 224 |
| Cross sectional | Spain | 442 | 846 | 52.25 | 48.88, 55.61 | 225 |
| Prospective | Italy | 56 | 138 | 40.58 | 32.39, 48.77 | 226 |
| Case control | Brazil | 5 | 57 | 8.77 | 1.43, 16.12 | 227 |
| Case control | Iran | 14 | 60 | 23.33 | 12.63, 34.04 | 228 |
| Prospective | Italy | 35 | 50 | 70.00 | 57.30, 82.70 | 230 |
| Cross sectional | Turkey | 77 | 223 | 34.53 | 28.29, 40.77 | 231 |
| Prospective | Italy | 17 | 67 | 25.37 | 14.95, 35.79 | 232 |
| Prospective | India | 64 | 76 | 84.21 | 76.01, 92.41 | 233 |
| Cross sectional | Brazil | 159 | 179 | 88.83 | 84.21, 93.44 | 234 |
| Retrospective | Global | 1149 | 1687 | 68.11 | 65.89, 70.33 | 235 |
| Retrospective | Italy | 66 | 111 | 59.46 | 50.33, 68.59 | 236 |