Table 3.
Results of the included studies
| Authors, year | Exercise capacity, muscle strength, respiratory muscle function | Postoperative outcomes | HRQoL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christensen et al., 2019 [26] |
In-group changes from baseline to post-prehabilitation ↗ Peak power (IG: + 12 watts) ↗ VO2peak (IG: + 1.4 ml/min/kg) ↗ Leg press (IG: + 26.9 kg) ↗ Knee extension (IG: + 9.9 kg) ↗ Chest press (IG: + 5.1 kg) ↗ Seated row (IG: + 8.9 kg) |
LOS (IG: 10 vs UC:9 days)b PCs (CDC (grade ≥ 1), IG: 58% vs UC: 57%, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.61–1.73) PCs (CCI score, IG: 20.9 vs UC: 20.9)b Pneumonia (IG: 21% vs UC: 13%) |
In-group changes from baseline to surgery ↗ EWB (IG: + 3.0) ↗ Esophageal cancer subscale (IG: + 8.8) ↗ FACT-E trial outcome index (IG: + 9.6) ↗ HRQoL total score (IG: + 12.6) Between-group changes from baseline to surgery ↔ HRQoL total score ↗ PWB (IG vs UC: mean difference 2.8) |
|
| Dettling et al., 2013 [17] |
In-group changes from baseline to post-prehabilitation ↗ MIP (IG: 74 to 91 cmH20)b ↗ Pm-peak (IG: 29 to 41 cmH20)b Between-groups comparison post-prehabilitation ↗ MIP (IG: 91 vs UC: 56 cmH20)b ↗ Pm-peak (IG: 41 vs UC: 25 cmH20)b |
↔ LOS (IG: 14 vs UC: 12 days)b ↔ Pneumonia (IG: 25% vs UC: 23%) ↔ Other PCs ↔ In-hospital mortality (IG: 2% vs UC: 8%) |
NA | |
| Inoue et al., 2013 [22] | NA |
↔ LOS (IG: 41 vs UC: 50 days)a ↘ PPCs (IG: 6% vs UC: 24%) |
NA | |
| Valkenet et al., 2018 [23] |
In-group changes from baseline to post-prehabilitation ↗ MIP (IG: 76 to 89 cmH20 and UC: 74 to 80 cmH20)a ↗ Pi-end (IG: 4 min14 to 7 min19 and UC: 4 min20 to 5 min5)a Between-groups changes from baseline to post-prehabilitation ↗ MIP (IG vs UC) ↗ Pi-end (IG vs UC) |
↔ LOS (IG: 18 vs UC: 21 days)a ↔ Pneumonia (IG: 39% vs UC: 36%) ↔ Other PPCs (IG: 35% vs UC: 33%) ↔ Other PCs (IG: 22% vs UC: 14%) ↔ In-hospital mortality (IG: 4% vs UC: 3%) |
Between-groups changes from baseline to 4 weeks after surgery ↔ HRQoL (IG vs UC) |
|
| van Adrichem et al., 2014 [24] |
In-group changes from baseline to post-prehabilitation ↗ MIP (IMT-HI: 94 to 105 cmH20 and IMT-E: 84 to 113 cmH20)b Between-groups ↔ MIP (IMT-HI vs IMT-E) |
↘ LOS (IMT-HI: 14 vs IMT-E: 18 days)b ↘ PPCs (IMT-HI: 20% vs IMT-E: 58%) ↔ Pneumonia (IG: 15% vs UC: 42%) |
NA | |
| Yamana et al., 2015 [18] | NA |
↘ PPCs (CDC (grade ≥ 1), IG: 27% vs UC 60%) ↘ Pneumonia (UPSS (Score ≥ 1) POD1, IG: 33% vs UC: 63%) ↔ Pneumonia (UPSS (Score ≥ 1) POD2, IG: 73% vs UC: 63%; POD3, IG: 73% vs UC: 50%; POD4, IG: 20% vs UC: 27%) |
NA | |
| Cho et al., 2014 [25] | NA |
↘ LOS (IG: 9 vs UC: 10 days)b ↘ PCs (Intra-abdominal (all grades), IG: 6% vs UC: 33%) ↘ PCs (Intra-abdominal and wound infection (all grades), IG: 6% vs UC: 41%) ↔ PPCs (IG: 17% vs UC: 15%) |
NA |
amean, bmedian; CCI comprehensive complication index, CDC Clavien-Dindo classification, EWB emotional well-being, FACT–E Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Esophageal questionnaire, HRQoL health-related quality of life, IG intervention group, IMT-HI/−E inspiratory muscle training-high intensity/endurance group, LOS length of hospital stay, MIP maximal inspiratory pressure, NA not assessed, Pi-end inspiratory muscle endurance, Pm-peak maximal peak pressure, PCs postoperative complications, PPCs postoperative pulmonary complications, POD1 postoperative day 1, PWB physical well-being, RR risk ratio, UC usual care control group, UPSS Utrecht pneumonia scoring system, VO2peak peak oxygen consumption, vs versus