Table 1.
Demographics of participants
| Normal (n = 20) |
Other hrHPV(+) (n = 32) |
HPV16/18(+) (n = 38) |
Cervical cancer (n = 10) |
P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 38.35 ± 3.72 | 36.75 ± 6.15 | 35.73 ± 6.89 | 38.80 ± 3.08 | 0.289 |
| TCT | |||||
| Normal | 20 | 9 (28.1%) | 22 (57.9%) | -a | |
| Ascus | – | 11 (34.3%) | 3 (7.9%) | – | |
| LSIL | – | 8 (25.0%) | 4 (10.5%) | – | |
| HSIL | – | 2 (6.3%) | 7 (18.4%) | – | |
| ASC-H | – | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (5.3%) | – | |
| HPV subtypesb | |||||
| 16 | – | – | 31 (81.6%) | 8 (80.0%) | |
| 18 | – | – | 8 (47.4%) | 3 (30.0%) | |
| 16and18 | – | – | 1 (2.6%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| 31 | – | 1 (3.1%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | |
| 33 | – | 4 (12.5%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| 35 | – | 1 (3.1%) | 0 | 1 (10.0%) | |
| 51 | – | 2 (6.3%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0 | |
| 52 | – | 12 (37.5%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0 | |
| 53 | – | 4 (12.5%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| 56 | – | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| 58 | – | 5 (15.6%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| 59 | – | 3 (9.4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| 66 | – | 2 (6.3%) | 0 | 0 | |
| 68 | – | 3 (9.4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Vaginitis or not | 0.002 | ||||
| Normal | 16 (80.0%) | 27 (84.4%) | 25 (65.8%) | 3 (30.0%) | |
| Bacterial vaginosis | 2 (10.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | 13 (34.2%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Abnormal flora | 1 (5.0%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Flora suppression | 1 (5.0%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Leukocytes at cervix | 0.001 | ||||
| 0–10 | 14 (70.0%) | 12 (37.5%) | 12 (31.6%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| >10 | 6 (30.0%) | 20 (62.5%) | 26 (68.4%) | 9 (90.0%) | |
| Cervical biopsy | 0.129 | ||||
| Normal | 20 | 0 | 0 | – | |
| Cervicitis | – | 14 (43.8%) | 11 (28.9%) | – | |
| LSIL | – | 11 (34.4%) | 10 (26.3%) | – | |
| HSIL | – | 7 (21.8%) | 17 (44.8%) | – | |
| Cancer | – | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| Educational level | 0.478 | ||||
| <Bachelor | 9 (45.0%) | 12 (37.5%) | 17 (44.7%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Bachelor | 10 (50.0%) | 19 (59.4%) | 15 (39.5%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| ≥ Master | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | 6 (15.8%) | 0 | |
| Monthly income (¥) | 0.295 | ||||
| <5000 | 8 (40.0%) | 9 (28.1%) | 19 (50.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | |
| 5000–10,000 | 10 (50.0%) | 17 (53.1%) | 12 (31.6%) | 4 (40.0%) | |
| >10,000 | 2 (10.0%) | 6 (18.8%) | 7 (18.4%) | 0 | |
| Occupation | 0.838 | ||||
| Medical service | 2 (10.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Economics | 2 (10.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | 5 (13.2%) | 0 | |
| Education | 1 (5.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | 4 (10.5%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Art | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (3.1%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | |
| Worker/Farmer | 14 (70.0%) | 22 (68.7%) | 28 (73.7%) | 9 (90.0%) | |
| Frequency of cleaning vulva | 0.306 | ||||
| <1 time per week | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0 | |
| 2–3 times per week | 6 (30.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | 10 (26.3%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Everyday | 14 (70.0%) | 23 (71.9%) | 25 (65.8%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Way of cleaning vulva | 0.195 | ||||
| Clean water | 19 (95.0%) | 23 (71.9%) | 31 (81.6%) | 9 (90.0%) | |
| Lotion | 1 (5.0%) | 9 (28.1%) | 7 (18.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| History of vaginal douching | 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 11 (34.4%) | 19 (50.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | |
| No | 20 (100.0%) | 21 (65.6%) | 19 (50.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | |
| Days of using sanitary pads | 0.007 | ||||
| ≥ 10 days per month | 2 (10.0%) | 10 (31.3%) | 9 (23.7%) | 7 (70.0%) | |
| <10 days per month | 18 (90.0%) | 22 (68.7%) | 29 (76.3%) | 3 (30.0%) | |
| Smoking or not | 0.710 | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | |
| No | 20 (100.0%) | 30 (93.7%) | 37 (97.4%) | 10 (100.0%) | |
| Age of first sex | 0.152 | ||||
| <20 years old | 1 (5.0%) | 9 (28.1%) | 5 (13.2%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| ≥ 20 years old | 19 (95.0%) | 23 (71.9%) | 32 (86.8%) | 9 (90.0%) | |
| Number of sex partner | 0.047 | ||||
| 1 | 18 (90.0%) | 15 (46.8%) | 21 (55.3%) | 7 (70.0%) | |
| 2 | 2 (10.0%) | 11 (34.4%) | 13 (34.2%) | 3 (30.0%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 0 | 6 (18.8%) | 4 (10.5%) | 0 | |
| Frequency of sex | 0.025 | ||||
| < 1 time per week | 16 (80.0%) | 20 (62.5%) | 20 (52.7%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| 2–3 times per week | 4 (20.0%) | 9 (28.1%) | 14 (36.8%) | 8 (80.0%) | |
| ≥ 3 times per week | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 4 (10.5%) | 0 | |
| Methods of contraceptionc | 0.001 | ||||
| None | 2 (10.0%) | 2 (6.3%) | 5 (13.2%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Condom | 15 (75.0%) | 12 (37.5%) | 13 (34.2%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Oral contraceptive | 0 | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| Intrauterine device | 3 (15.0%) | 3 (9.4%) | 6 (15.8%) | 5 (50.0%) | |
| Others | 0 | 14 (43.7%) | 12 (31.6%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Parity | 0.955 | ||||
| ≤ 1 time | 18 (90.0%) | 30 (93.8%) | 35 (92.1%) | 9 (90.0%) | |
| ≥ 2 times | 2 (10.0%) | 2 (6.2%) | 3 (7.9%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| Number of abortion | 0.222 | ||||
| ≤ 1 time | 12 (60.0%) | 27 (84.4%) | 30 (78.9%) | 7 (70.0%) | |
| ≥ 2 times | 8 (40.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | 8 (21.1%) | 3 (30.0%) | |
| History of vaginitis | 0.002 | ||||
| Yes | 2 (10.0%) | 14 (43.7%) | 21 (55.3%) | 7 (70.0%) | |
| No | 18 (90.0%) | 18 (56.3%) | 17 (44.7) | 3 (30.0%) | |
Abbreviations: hrHPV high-risk human papilloma virus, TCT thin-prep cytology test, Ascus atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance, LSIL low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, HSIL high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, ASC-H atypical squamous cell- cannot exclude HSIL
*: P values were calculated by ANOVA, Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test
a: “-” means no sense; b: HPV subtypes might overlap in each participant; c: Methods of contraception means the most common way of birth control