Table 4.

Adjusted relationship between children’s sleep problems and pre- and postnatal depressive emotions

	Child sleep problems (t-transformed score)
	Model 1			Model 2
Depressive emotions	B (Robust SE)	P	Standardized B	B (Robust SE)	P	Standardized B
Prenatal (n=423)
Prenatal depressive emotions a	0.94(0.78)	0.35	0.05	0.18 (0.68)	0.81	0.003
Child behavioral problems	0.32(0.02)	0.004**	0.62	0.31 (0.02)	0.006**	0.66
Postnatal (n=588)
Postnatal depressive emotions b	3.41 (0.72)	0.04*	0.14	1.37 (0.92)	0.27	0.06
Child behavioral problems	0.32(0.02)	0.004**	0.62	0.31 (0.02)	0.004**	0.62
Combined (n=411)
Combined depressive emotions c
Prenatal Only	0.74 (1.39)	0.65	0.03	−0.006 (1.44)	0.99	0.001
Postnatal Only	3.11(0.16)	0.003*	0.09	0.84 (0.65)	0.33	0.03
Both periods	2.63 (0.52)	0.04*	0.09	0.74(0.53)	0.29	0.03
Child behavioral problems	0.31(0.02)	0.005**	0.62	0.31 (0.02)	0.006**	0.65
Prenatal (n=423)
Prenatal depressive emotions a	0.99(0.97)	0.42	0.05	0.06(0.78)	0.95	0.003
Child behavioral problems	0.32(0.01)	0.001**	0.62	0.31(0.02)	0.006**	0.66
Postnatal (n=588)
Postnatal depressive emotions b	3.67(0.72)	0.04*	0.15	1.53(1.01)	0.27	0.06
Child behavioral problems	0.32(0.01)	0.001**	0.62	0.31(0.02)	<0.01**	0.62
Combined (n=411)
Combined depressive emotions c
Prenatal Only	0.65(1.48)	0.70	0.03	−0.06(0.97)	0.96	0.002
Postnatal Only	3.07(0.26)	0.01*	0.09	0.71(0.71)	0.42	0.02
Both periods	2.91(0.29)	0.01*	0.09	0.75(0.45)	0.24	0.03
Child behavioral problems	0.32(0.01)	0.001**	0.62	0.30(0.02)	0.006**	0.65

Note:

^1.Model 1 adjusted for child age, sex, home residence, and mother’s and father’s education, birth complications; and prenatal depressive emotion and child behavior entered the model separately. Model 2 adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus children’s behavioral problems. Standard errors were clustered at the cohort level. Sample sizes represent numbers of complete cases of each model. The full models accounted for 41.55% −43.26% of the variance.

^2.B=coefficient, SE=standard error, p=p values

^3.The function of Standardized coefficient cannot be combined with cluster adjustment in STATA. Thus, the standardized B reported here were from models without cluster adjustment. Statistical significance was similar with and without cluster function.

Reference group:

^a.no prenatal depressive emotions;

^b.no postnatal depressive emotions;

^c.no perinatal depressive emotions.

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01