Table 1. Characteristics of elderly patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery according to survival status within one-year.
| Variables |
Patients alive N=289 |
Patients died N=24 |
All patients N=313 |
P |
| Preoperative variables | ||||
| Age, years, mean ±SD | 73.3 ± 6.9 | 80.7 ± 7.0 | 73.9 ± 7.2 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 206 (71.3%) | 13 (54.2%) | 219 (70.0%) | 0.079 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.5 (22.0, 26.7) | 22.5 (20.2, 24.5) | 24.3 (21.9, 26.5) | 0.009 |
| Education, years, median (IQR) | 6.0 (0.0, 9.0) | 5.0 (0.0, 12.0) | 6.0 (0.0, 9.5) | 0.966 |
| Prescription drugs, n | 2 (1, 3) | 3 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.029 |
| ASA Grade | < 0.001 | |||
| ASA I | 7 (2.4 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 7 (2.2%) | |
| ASA II | 174 (60.2 %) | 1 (4.2 %) | 175 (55.9%) | |
| ASA III | 105 (36.3 %) | 19 (79.2 %) | 124 (39.6%) | |
| ASA IV | 3 (1.0 %) | 4 (16.7 %) | 7 (2.2%) | |
| MMSE, points, median (IQR) | 21 (17, 25) | 15 (12, 18) | 21 (17, 25) | < 0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, points, median (IQR) | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (2, 5) | 1 (0, 2) | < 0.001 |
| BADL, points, median (IQR) | 2 (0, 7) | 11 (5, 12) | 2 (0, 8) | < 0.001 |
| IADL, points, median (IQR) | 8 (6, 12) | 17 (12, 21) | 8 (6, 13) | < 0.001 |
| CFS, points, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 5) | 6 (4, 7) | 3 (2, 5) | < 0.001 |
| Alb (g/L), mean ±SD | 38.1 ± 4.0 | 36.0 ± 3.5 | 37.9 ± 4.0 | 0.014 |
| Hb (g/L), mean ±SD | 126.1 ± 16.7 | 112.5 ± 20.7 | 125.0 ± 17.4 | < 0.001 |
| PLT (×109/L), mean ±SD | 212 ± 64 | 182 ± 63 | 210 ± 64 | 0.030 |
| CRP (g/L), median (IQR) | 2.2 (0.5, 15.7) | 23.3 (1.2, 56.5) | 2.3 (0.5, 18.9) | 0.004 |
| IL-6 (ng/L), median (IQR) | 7.3 (2.8, 15.5) | 20.5 (10.6, 33.5) | 8.1 (2.9, 18.6) | 0.001 |
| Intraoperative variables | ||||
| Amount of blood loss (ml), median (IQR) | 200 (120, 250) | 265 (200, 350) | 200 (120, 280) | 0.007 |
| Duration of surgery (min), median (IQR) | 75 (60, 95) | 78 (60, 106) | 75 (60, 95) | 0.660 |
| Type of anesthesia (general anesthesia) | 72 (24.9%) | 5 (20.8%) | 77 (24.6%) | 0.656 |
| Postoperative variables | ||||
| Post-operative delirium | 41 (14.2%) | 14 (58.3%) | 55 (17.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 7 (6, 9) | 10 (7, 13) | 7 (6, 9) | 0.001 |
| 30-d Readmission | 19 (6.6 %) | 5 (23.8 %) | 24 (7.7 %) | 0.015 |
| 30-d CCI, points, mean ± SD | 0.0 (0.0, 25.7) | 38.2 (23.0, 56.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 29.6) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviation: SD, Standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; ASA Grade, American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; BADL, basic activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CFS, the Clinical Frailty Score; Alb, albumin; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; 30-d Readmission, 30-day readmission; 30-d CCI, 30-day comprehensive complication index.