Table 2. The correlates of voluntary withdrawal from the 2020 US Open due to COVID-19 concerns (marginal effects).
| Player controls | Player controls (sample w/ GPS data) | Player and country controls | Player and country controls, no US players | Player controls, players ranked in top 50 | Player and country controls, players ranked in top 50 | Player controls, players ranked 51–100 | Player and country controls, players ranked 51–100 | Player and country controls (probit) | Player and country controls (OLS) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Female | 0.153*** | 0.123** | 0.102** | 0.151*** | 0.180** | 0.148* | 0.064 | 0.054* | 0.092** | 0.101** |
| (0.051) | (0.050) | (0.048) | (0.044) | (0.079) | (0.079) | (0.053) | (0.030) | (0.044) | (0.046) | |
| Age (log) | 0.069** | 0.071** | 0.067** | 0.101*** | 0.110** | 0.101** | 0.035 | 0.044 | 0.068*** | 0.070** |
| (0.028) | (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.032) | (0.048) | (0.050) | (0.029) | (0.031) | (0.026) | (0.027) | |
| Ranking (log) | -0.067*** | -0.069*** | -0.068*** | -0.082*** | -0.075** | -0.076** | -0.012 | -0.018 | -0.071*** | -0.103*** |
| (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.033) | (0.031) | (0.102) | (0.102) | (0.017) | (0.031) | |
| Patience | 0.092** | 0.101*** | 0.109* | 0.070 | 0.092*** | 0.089** | ||||
| (0.037) | (0.033) | (0.062) | (0.055) | (0.035) | (0.035) | |||||
| Risk- taking | -0.065** | -0.049* | -0.095* | -0.048 | -0.059** | -0.042** | ||||
| (0.031) | (0.028) | (0.057) | (0.034) | (0.029) | (0.021) | |||||
| Altruism | -0.005 | 0.073** | -0.007 | 0.000 | -0.007 | -0.000 | ||||
| (0.023) | (0.034) | (0.044) | (0.014) | (0.023) | (0.022) | |||||
| Trust | 0.042* | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.046** | 0.043** | 0.052* | ||||
| (0.022) | (0.028) | (0.046) | (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.027) | |||||
| GDP per capita (PPP, log) | -0.061*** | -0.035 | -0.054 | -0.043** | -0.061*** | -0.090** | ||||
| (0.023) | (0.026) | (0.054) | (0.022) | (0.023) | (0.042) | |||||
| Adj. R2 / R2 | 0.185 | 0.215 | 0.308 | 0.412 | 0.189 | 0.241 | 0.103 | 0.472 | 0.315 | 0.233 |
| No. of obs. | 189 | 168 | 168 | 142 | 86 | 86 | 82 | 82 | 168 | 168 |
Note: All parameters are presented as average marginal effects. All models include constant (not presented). R2 shown in the case of linear probability model (8). Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01
** p<0.05
* p<0.1.
Source: Own estimation based on data web scraped from US Open, ATP and WTA websites, GPS, and WDI data