Table 2.
Descriptive statistics stratified to the admission period
| Demographic characteristics and source of admission | Whole study period | Pre-LD | In-LD | After-LD | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 71 (60–79) | 72 (60–80) | 70 (62–79) | 70 (58–79) | 0.620 |
| Female gender | 260 (32.3) | 110 (34.5) | 56 (27.1) | 94 (33.6) | 0.173 |
| Self-presentation to the emergency department | 238 (29.6) | 104 (32.8) | 53 (25.6) | 81 (29) | 0.441 |
| Admission from the emergency medical system | 358 (44.6) | 139 (43.8) | 95 (45.9) | 124 (44.4) | |
| Direct outside or inside hospital transfer | 207 (25.8) | 74 (23.3) | 54 (38.5) | 74 (26.5) | |
| Timing from symptom onset to hospitalization (only for STEMI) | |||||
| 0–3 h | 131 (50.2) | 56 (53.3) | 38 (52.8) | 37 (44) | 0.12 |
| 4–6 h | 36 (13.8) | 15 (14.3) | 11 (15.3) | 10 (11.9) | |
| 6–12 h | 36 (13.8) | 14 (13.3) | 13 (18.1) | 9 (10.7) | |
| > 12 h | 58 (22.2) | 20 (19) | 10 (13.9) | 28 (33.3) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 562 (69.7) | 226 (70.8) | 148 (71.5) | 188 (67.1) | 0.501 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 423 (52.5) | 155 (48.6) | 128 (61.8) | 140 (50.2) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes not requiring insuline | 176 (21.9) | 65 (20.4) | 49 (23.7) | 62 (22.3) | 0.657 |
| Diabetes requiring insuline | 71 (8.8) | 31 (9.7) | 15 (7.2) | 25 (8.9) | 0.612 |
| Smokers | 257 (31.9) | 107 (33.5) | 57 (27.5) | 93 (33.2) | 0.296 |
| Familiar history of coronary artery disease | 122 (15.1) | 44 (13.8) | 24 (11.6) | 54 (19.3) | 0.045 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 161 (20) | 68 (21.3) | 39 (18.8) | 54 (19.3) | 0.737 |
| End stage chronic kidney disease needing renal replacement therapy | 24 (3) | 10 (3.1) | 5 (2.4) | 9 (3.2) | 0.857 |
| Coronary artery disease | 215 (26.7) | 88 (27.6) | 63 (30.4) | 64 (22.9) | 0.156 |
| History of heart failure | 121 (15) | 52 (16.3) | 31 (15) | 38 (13.6) | 0.647 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 136 (16.9) | 54 (16.9) | 40 (19.3) | 42 (15.1) | 0.462 |
| Previous stroke | 71 (8.8) | 28 (8.8) | 27 (13) | 16 (5.7) | 0.019 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 95 (11.8) | 42 (13.2) | 25 (12.1) | 28 (10) | 0.482 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 127 (15.8) | 54 (16.9) | 31 (15) | 42 (15) | 0.761 |
| Anaemia | 88 (10.9) | 31 (9.7) | 29 (14) | 28 (10) | 0.253 |
| Malignancy | 82 (10.2) | 28 (8.8) | 15 (7.2) | 39 (13.9) | 0.031 |
| Neurological and/or psychiatric disorder | 90 (11.2) | 36 (11.3) | 27 (13) | 27 (9.6) | 0.498 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 4 (3–6) | 5 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 0.823 |
| In-hospital procedures | |||||
| Coronary angiography | 570 (71) | 243 (76.4) | 129 (62.6) | 198 (71) | 0.003 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 425 (60.2) | 170 (54.8) | 108 (60) | 147 (68.1) | 0.01 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump | 26 (3.2) | 13 (4.1) | 4 (1.9) | 9 (3.2) | 0.39 |
| Pericardiocentesis | 12 (1.5) | 5 (1.6) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (2.2) | 0.32 |
| Temporary pacing | 32 (4) | 7 (2.2) | 10 (4.8) | 15 (5.4) | 0.11 |
| Central venous catheter insertion | 126 (15.6) | 42 (13.2) | 45 (21.7) | 39 (13.9) | 0.02 |
| Arterial catheter insertion | 192 (23.8) | 64 (20.1) | 61 (29.5) | 67 (23.9) | 0.047 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 71 (8.8) | 27 (8.5) | 16 (7.7) | 28 (10) | 0.66 |
| Invasive ventilation | 50 (6.2) | 23 (7.2) | 15 (7.2) | 12 (4.3) | 0.26 |
| Haemodialysis | 33 (4.2) | 10 (3.1) | 12 (5.8) | 11 (3.9) | 0.32 |
Differences among the three main admission periods, for the whole study population. Categorical variables are presented as absolute number and percentage value. Numeric data are expressed as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range [IQR]), as appropriate. A Chi-square test was performed for categorical variables, while a non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal–Wallis test) was used for comparison of continuous variables among the three groups
Pre-LD, in-LD and after-LD: before the lockdown, during the lockdown and after the lockdown period