Table 5.
Biomarker profiles in sepsis patients at baseline and after 48 h for EMiC2 and AV1000S.
| Parameter | 0 h | 48 h | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMiC2 (n = 14) | AV1000S (n = 16) | EMiC2 (n = 12) | AV1000S (n = 10) | ||
| Inflammatory mediators | |||||
| IL-1β | (pg/ml) | 5.92 (1.66-9.21)∗ | 8.80 (5.60-21.21) | 4.12 (81.15-5.64) | 4.12 (2.05-8.43) |
| IL-1ra | (pg/ml) | 301.44 (112.64-1,082.40)∗ | 962.12 (422.33-2,706.33) | 259.44 (168.56-383.78) | 294.44 (142.33-533.06) |
| IL-2 | (pg/ml) | 1.12 (1.12-14.36) | 16.88 (1.12-34.91) | 1.12 (1.12-1.87) | 1.12 (1.12-14.94) |
| IL-4 | (pg/ml) | 5.56 (2.53-8.25) | 7.58 (5.21-10.62) | 4.32 (0.81-5.56) | 4.46 (1.72-6.87) |
| IL-5 | (pg/ml) | 17.48 (13.25-29.07) | 23.22 (15.11-36.60) | 16.40 (5.32-25.88) | 15.30 (3.02-34.37) |
| IL-6 | (pg/ml) | 108.76 (43.38-693.86)∗ | 372.14 (256.94-8,914.32) | 63.94 (25.22-279.45) | 148.04 (36.39-476.18) |
| IL-7 | (pg/ml) | 7.12 (3.49-22.74) | 10.14 (5.47-25.29) | 10.14 (2.56-17.51) | 7.04 (2.38-26.49) |
| IL-8 | (pg/ml) | 70.06 (35.18-128.29)∗ | 181.50 (71.64-309.90) | 47.10 (35.52-60.96) | 54.66 (45.07-79.99) |
| IL-9 | (pg/ml) | 10.58 (5.11-21.22) | 24.50 (9.28-40.76) | 10.76 (3.67-14.46) | 21.60 (4.84-50.33) |
| IL-10 | (pg/ml) | 10.76 (3.12-60.99) | 44.94 (15.64-90.29) | 11.76 (2.70-19.45) | 22.58 (2.15-40.24) |
| IL-12 | (pg/ml) | 12.90 (5.59-46.92) | 24.70 (17.40-45.64) | 14.40 (3.67-34.50) | 16.82 (4.85-53.85) |
| IL-13 | (pg/ml) | 4.58 (0.49-10.39) | 7.48 (2.32-13.69) | 2.90 (0.49-11.07) | 5.34 (0.49-11.41) |
| IL-15 | (pg/ml) | 2.18 (1.36-42.09)∗ | 30.52 (11.05-69.96) | 2.20 (1.36-6.54) | 14.92 (1.36-36.92) |
| IL-17 | (pg/ml) | 21.98 (1.76-59.59)∗ | 61.36 (33.91-95.71) | 20.96 (2.29-44.40) | 16.22 (5.30-56.03) |
| IFN-γ | (pg/ml) | 141.98 (52.02-236.75) | 235.00 (132.64-367.44) | 106.74 (11.40-175.60) | 111.46 (31.02-246.25) |
| TNF-α | (pg/ml) | 67.24 (21.35-127.49) | 130.36 (66.29-258.62) | 40.10 (10.36-69.18) | 47.90 (28.27-121.97) |
| CRP | (mg/l) | 182.75 (152.39-309.13) | 225.20 (170.16-279.81) | 194.59 (122.48-259.60) | 211.55 (143.30-266.25) |
| PCT | (ng/ml) | 2.64 (0.63-4.19) | 3.14 (1.22-5.84) | 1.26 (0.50-2.63) | 1.86 (0.50-4.55) |
| LBP | (μg/ml) | 111.70 (71.10-178.66) | 117.53 (77.75-175.31) | 94.64 (67.16-178.19) | 98.13 (59.89-109.24) |
| sCD14 | (ng/ml) | 3,141.50 (2,652.75-3,596.50) | 3,256.50 (2,741.00-4,153.75) | 2,835.50 (2,460.75-3,211.00) | 2,812.00 (2,103.25-3,926.25) |
| sST2 | (ng/ml) | 311.56 (137.45-501.29) | 460.20 (291.00-616.22) | ||
| Gas6 | (ng/ml) | 49.82 (30.53-56.13) | 41.37 (37.88-51.81) | 39.73 (34.45-53.00) | 37.83 (30.14-55.57) |
| Chemokines | |||||
| MCP-1 | (pg/ml) | 77.84 (18.58-196.61) | 217.92 (58.49-452.11) | 30.30 (20.34-65.31) | 98.76 (43.46-169.94) |
| MIP-1α | (pg/ml) | 7.40 (3.60-13.36) | 9.76 (7.45-12.92) | 5.72 (0.06-8.84) | 6.44 (1.34-10.68) |
| MIP-1β | (pg/ml) | 113.96 (86.25-136.21) | 140.10 (99.45-250.56) | 87.68 (66.20-118.70) | 87.80 (69.61-206.18) |
| RANTES | (pg/ml) | 1,761.46 (358.78-2,779.92) | 2,034.30 (1,120.56-4,104.55) | 928.68 (436.46-2,185.56) | 1,158.44 (408.50-3,027.76) |
| Eotaxin | (pg/ml) | 70.56 (49.43-105.12) | 101.08 (76.99-190.60) | 50.36 (45.00-69.06) | 68.12 (36.38-97.11) |
| IP-10 | (pg/ml) | 1,256.80 (863.08-2,267.60) | 1,572.08 (698.69-3,027.45) | 1,230.46 (602.92-2,062.71) | 853.12 (530.21-2,442.66) |
| Growth factors | |||||
| G-CSF | (pg/ml) | 96.38 (37.36-441.77) | 185.96 (150.13-645.11) | 94.88 (72.43-136.79) | 109.36 (75.29-137.63) |
| GM-CSF | (pg/ml) | 16.54 (0.78-95.23)∗ | 83.54 (31.07-159.81) | 8.32 (0.78-27.19) | 28.84 (4.77-74.65) |
| FGF | (pg/ml) | 61.88 (21.93-107.02) | 93.12 (66.33-119.76) | 49.48 (5.12-82.51) | 51.00 (4.09-95.82) |
| PDGF | (pg/ml) | 91.70 (45.13-187.68)∗ | 152.26 (83.73-266.76) | 59.62 (29.91-98.59) | 63.66 (15.67-146.77) |
| VEGF | (pg/ml) | 9.84 (1.80-51.50)∗ | 44.02 (18.84-61.46) | 7.48 (1.80-22.88) | 20.36 (4.92-36.96) |
| Endothelial activation markers | |||||
| ESM-1 | (ng/ml) | 4.76 (3.75-7.90) | 7.24 (4.11-21.60) | 5.86 (2.81-12.89) | 16.39 (4.69-44.79) |
| Ang-1 | (ng/ml) | 0.56 (0.29-1.02) | 0.73 (0.50-1.31) | 0.36 (0.14-0.77) | 0.62 (0.14-1.26) |
| Ang-2 | (ng/ml) | 15.21 (6.42-27.03) | 13.03 (8.93-56.98) | 10.42 (8.06-18.55) | 10.09 (7.96-18.37) |
| Ang-2/Ang-1 | 27.98 (10.92-45.96) | 19.10 (8.47-128.80) | 37.85 (9.75-133.65) | 37.87 (7.01-110.56) | |
| Damage-associated molecular patterns | |||||
| ecDNA | (ng/ml) | 441.78 (244.90-690.28)a | 657.27 (397.96-1,542.62) | ||
| Histones | (mg/ml) | 0.60 (0.46-22.29)a | 7.47 (0.40-79.90) | ||
| HMGB-1 | (ng/ml) | 2.99 (2.55-6.63)a | 4.53 (2.89-12.53)b | 2.99 (2.50-4.56)b,∗ | 5.13 (3.26-9.16)c |
| Coagulation-related parameters | |||||
| TF | (pg/ml) | 71.12 (42.24-108.66) | 65.90 (50.96-79.93) | ||
| TF activity | (pM) | 46.73 (23.69-66.11) | 33.10 (24.63-45.34) | ||
| Others | |||||
| Cystatin C | (μg/ml) | 3.26 (2.60-4.00)∗ | 3.91 (3.61-4.20) | 2.68 (2.52-3.21)∗ | 3.46 (3.03-3.86) |
| Albumin | (g/dl) | 3.42 (2.50-3.86) | 3.35 (2.89-3.77) | 3.55 (3.11-3.88) | 3.13 (2.69-3.34) |
Data are represented as median (25th-75th quartile). an = 13; bn = 14; cn = 8. Differences in inflammatory mediator concentrations between filter groups at baseline and after 48 h were analyzed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (∗p < 0.05).