Table-1.

Overview of some probiotics used in animal feeding: The properties and its use as alternative to antibiotics.

Genus	Species	Type of breeding	Effect	Sources
Lactobacillus	L. fermentumab	Pigletsab	• Increase growth performances • Decrease E. coli counts and reduce post-weaning diarrhea	[30]
		Grower-finisher pigsa	• Enhance superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase	[50]
		Poultryab	• Regulate the intestinal mucosal immune response and ameliorate inflammation caused by Clostridium perfringens	[9]
	L. sobriusab	Pigletsab	• limit intestinal colonization by pathogenic E. coli.	[51]
	L. salivariusab	Swineab and poultryab	• Improve the immune status and reduce colonization by pathogenic bacteria in swine and poultry	[10]
	L. rhamnosusab	Fishab	• Reduce mortality in Rainbow trout fish affected by A. salmonocida and in Tilapia affected by Edwardsiella tarda	[6,29]
	L. reuteria	Pigletsa	• Beneficial effects on the expression of tight Junction proteins in newborn piglets (L. reuteri I5007)	[11]
	L. plantarumab	Fishab	• Reduce mortality in Rainbow trout fish affected by Lc. garvieae	[12]
		Grower-finisher pigsa	• Enhance superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase	[52]
	L. acidophilus	Chickenab	• Increase eggs production and improve eggs quality • Reduce Salmonella contamination	[7,16,31]
		Pigletsab	• Increase growth performances; • Decrease E. coli counts and reduce post weaning diarrhea	[30]
	L. amylovorusab	Pigsab and pigletsab	• Inhibit diarrheal pathogens in pigs • Protect against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection by cytokine regulation in piglets	[53,54]
	L. paracaseiab	Pigletsab	• limit intestinal colonization by pathogenic E. coli	[55]
	L. pentosusab	Fishab	• Improve immune system and survival rate of Japanesse eel fish affected by Edwardsiella tarda	[56]
	L. brevisab	Fishab	• Reduce mortality of Tilapia affected by A. hydrophilia	[57]
	L. caseiab	Pigletsab	• Increase growth performances; • Decrease E. coli counts and reduce post-weaning diarrhea	[30]
	Lc. lactisab	Fishab	• Activate the innate immune system of Olive flounder fish and protect against pathogen infections	[32]
Bifidobacterium	B. animalisab	Poultryab	• Reduce coccidiosis in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella	[17,18]
	B. thermophilumab	Poultryab	• Have protective activity against Salmonella and Listeria spec. in vitro and against E. coli in chicken	[34]
	B. longumab	Poultryab	• Have an anti-Campylobacter activity in poultry	[35]
	B. pseudolonguma	Pigletsa	• Better FCR with no differences in final weight, weight gain and feed intake	[33]
Bacillus	B. licheniformisab	Pigab	• Effective against diarrhea occurring in piglets in 3–10 days post-weaning caused by enterotoxic strains of E. coli	[19]
	B. subtilisab	Fishab	• Control of infection in Indian major carp • Increase survival rate of rainbow trout • Reduce mortality of channel catfish and striped catfish • Enhance the relative survival percentage of grouper fish	[36,39,58]
		Broilersab	• Improve productivity and reduces Salmonella in broilers • Reduce the Salmonella gallinarum pathogens	[37,38]
	B. pumilusab	Fishab	• Enhance the immune and health status and improve disease resistance of Tilapia	[59]
	B. circulansab	Fishab	• Enhance the immune response and therefore survival of Catla catla fish	[60]
Enterococcus	E. faecalisab	Fishab	• protective effect against Lc. garvieae and potential alternative for controlling diseases in aquaculture	[61]
	E. faeciumab	Tuckeya	• Stimulates other lactic acid bacteria in the small intestine, especially lactobacilli	[40]
		Chickenab	• Significantly improved weight gain and food conversion rate (FCR) • Efficient in controlling and reducing the counts of Salmonella minnesota	[41,62]
		Broilersab	• Promote growth performance • Improve intestinal morphology, and beneficially manipulate the cecal microflora	[63]
		Fishab	• Reduce Edwardsiellosis in European eel fishes	[64]
		Pigletsab	• Significantly modulate the fecal microbiome of weaned pigs • bacterial diversity and increase beneficial bacteria and decrease pathogenic bacteria • Increase the average of daily gain	[65]
	E. gallinarumab	Fishab	• Have moderate protective effect on Seas bass fishes	[13]
	E. casseliflavusab	Fishab	• Improve growth performance and enhances disease resistance due to S. iniae on Rainbow trout fishes	[14]
Lactococcus	Lc. lactis	Fishab	During Aeromonas salmonicida infection in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) • Improves survival rate • Activates phagocytic cells in the head kidney • Reduces the rate of proliferation of pathogens in the intestine	[42]
		Swineb	• Useful as an effective subunit vaccine against swine erysipelas	[66]
Leuconostoc	L. mesenteroides	Fishab	• Improves survival rate, activates phagocytic cells in the head kidney, reduces the rate of proliferation of pathogens in the intestine during A. salmonicida infection in in Brown Trout	[42]
		Poultryab	• L. mesenteroides isomaltooligosaccharides stimulate growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and are not used by Salmonella or E. coli	[67]
Pediococcus	P. acidilacticia	Chickensa	• Improved the feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens	[15]
Streptococcus	S. thermophilusa	Chickensa	• Improved the feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens	[15]
	S. phocaeab	Fishab	• significantly improve growth performance as well as protection against V. harveyi in P. monodon post-larvae	[68]
Aspergillus	A. orizae	Chickensab	• Enhance body weight gain and feed intake	[69]
	A. nigera	Broilersa	• Improved growth performance; • Improve the growth performance, decrease the muscle protein breakdown, abdominal fat content and cholesterol content in plasma	[70,71]
Saccharomyces	S. cerevisiaeab	Sows and pigletsab	• Live yeasts improve reproductive performance of sows • Elevate IgG concentration in colostrum and subsequently plasma IgG of piglets • Improve growth performance • Promote a “healthy” intestine • Encourage an early restoration of the intestinal mucosal	[43-45,72]
		Fishab	• Improve growth, hematological, antioxidant, and immune responses of Nile tilapia • Improve resistance of Nile tilapia against pathogenic fungus A. flavus infection • Enhances the cellular innate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)	[5,25,46,47]
Kluyveromyces	K. fragilisab	Pigletsab	• Improve innate immune system parameters such as phagocytic activity of monocytes and improve fecal scores.	[73]
	K. marxianusab	Fish	• Protein sources in diets for Atlantic salmon when taken as spray-dried yeasts	[74]
		Broilersab	• Contributes to food efficiency; • Improves immune function and intestinal structure of broilers; • The high doses (2.5 g/kg) are effective for feed efficiency and intestinal health of chickens • Average doses (1.0 g/kg) optimize innate immunity (1.0 g/kg).	[75]
Combinations	BioPlus 2B: B. licheniformis and B. subtilis sporesab	Sow and pigletsab	• Improve the health status and fertility of sows • Increase of sow feed consumption during the first 14 days postpartum • Decrease in piglet diarrhea score • Increase in the number of weaned piglets per litter • Increase in piglet body weight at weaning. • Decrease of sow weight loss during the suckling period. • Decrease in preweaning mortality	[48]
	Dietary probiotics Lc. lactis BFE920 and Lactobacillus plantarum FGL0001	Fishab	• The mixture-fed significantly improved innate immunity and weight gain of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). • High survival against S. iniae infection in olive founder	[76]
	Dietary Lactobacillus reuteri, L. salivarius and Streptococcus salivariusab	Pigletsab	• Significantly improved the growth performance, blood parameters and IgG stimulation in weaned piglets	[77]
	LACTINA®: L. acidophilus, L. helveticus, L. bulgaricus, Lc. lactis, S. thermophiles and E. faecium	Pigletsab	• Increase the body weight of suckling piglets when used at approximately 5 × 109 CFU/kg feed.	[49]
	Dietary supplementation of a mixture of Lactobacillus pentosus ITA23 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ITA44	Chickens	• Positively affects the final body weight under low (24°C) and high (35°C) temperature conditions; • Improves the average daily gain (ADG); • Increases the expression of the four sugar transporter genes: GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1, and SGLT4; • Improves bacterial population of the cecal contents, by increasing beneficial bacteria and decreasing E. coli population	[78]

a=Used at least once as feed additive, b=Used at least once as alternative to antibiotics. E. coli: Escherichia coli, S. cerevisiae: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. paracasei: Lactobacillus paracasei, L. casei: Lactobacillus casei, L. rhamnosus: Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum: Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, B. animalis: Bifidobacterium animalis, B. thermophilum: Bifidobacterium thermophilum, B. longum: Bifidobacterium longum, E. tenella: Eimeria tenella, B. subtilis: Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis: Bacillus licheniformis, E. faecium: Enterococcus faecium, S. iniae: Streptococcus iniae, Lc. lactis: Lactococcus lactis, Lc. garvieae: Lactococcus garvieae, IgG: Immunoglobulin G