Table 3.

Effects of NGUC supplementation on serum inflammation markers in rats with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA.

	Groups
	Control	OA	OA+Cur1	OA+Cur2
COMP, ng/ml	7.77 ± 0.88	27.68 ± 2.99***	20.11 ± 2.08***,###	14.44 ± 1.98***,###,+++
CRP, mg/L	1.25 ± 0.33	11.27 ± 1.55***	5.81 ± 0.70***,###	4.21 ± 0.84***,###,+
IL-1β, pg/ml	18.61 ± 1.67	54.79 ± 4.64***	41.03 ± 2.96***,###	31.96 ± 2.62***,###,+++
IL-6, pg/ml	10.58 ± 1.02	63.93 ± 5.38***	48.40 ± 3.91***,###	36.93 ± 2.90***,###,+++
IL-10, pg/ml	98.12 ± 6.33	34.06 ± 2.61***	47.58 ± 4.12***,###	57.09 ± 6.39***,###,+
TNF-α, pg/ml	21.29 ± 3.14	72.05 ± 8.61***	55.48 ± 7.93***,##	43.71 ± 6.90***,###,+

The data are presented as means ± SD (n=7). Statistical differences among the groups were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc Tukey test; ***p < 0.001 as compared to control group, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 as compared to OA group, and ⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 as compared to OA+Cur1 group. NGUC, next generation ultrasol curcumin; OA, osteoarthritis; OA+Cur 1, 100 mg/kg of NGUC; OA+Cur 2, 200 mg/kg of NGUC; COMP, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.