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. 2021 Mar 12;12:623681. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623681

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Copyright © 2021 Libowitz and Nurmi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible mechanisms of antipsychotic adverse metabolic effects. The energy homeostasis pathway is complex and provides numerous possible mechanisms that might explain AP-related weight gain and metabolic effects. Arrow at end of line indicates activation of pathway and perpendicular bar denotes inhibition. Neuroendocrine signaling molecules are bolded. Potential AP inputs are italicized and represented by dotted lines. ARC, arcuate nucleus; LH, lateral hypothalamus; NPY, neuropeptide Y; AgRP, agouti-related peptide; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; NPYR, neuropeptide Y receptor; MC4R, Melanocortin 4 Receptor; α-MSH, alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone.