(A, B, C) Mitotoxicity assay of different types of cells (cancer (A) versus benign PNT-2C2 cells and untreated fibroblasts (B and C, respectively)) in the presence of ascending concentrations of gluconate, gluconate in the presence of 200 mM citrate and citrate. (D, E, F, G) Fibroblasts transformed with the conditioned media from control (D), preincubated with citrate (E), gluconate (F) and citrate and gluconate (G) cancer cells. The results show mitotoxic activity of the studied compounds by measuring ATP synthesis and cytotoxicity. CCCP stands for carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine used as control toxicity test.