Table 3.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the HbA1c ≥7% subgroup.
| Variables | Metformin usage (before PSM) | Metformin usage (after PSM) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Non-metformin | P-value | Metformin | Non-metformin | P-value | |
| (n = 67) | (n = 159) | (n = 60) | (n = 96) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (yr) | 69.00 (63.00, 73.00) | 74.00 (66.00, 80.00) | 0.000 | 69.00 (64.00, 74.00) | 70.00 (65.00, 75.75) | 0.295 |
| Male | 28 (41.8%) | 89 (56.0%) | 0.051 | 27 (45.0%) | 41 (42.7%) | 0.779 |
| Smoking | 20 (29.9%) | 48 (30.2%) | 0.960 | 19 (31.7%) | 24 (25.0%) | 0.369 |
| BMI(kg/m2) | 25.35 (23.73, 27.63) | 24.80 (22.68, 27.12) | 0.043 | 25.31 (23.75, 27.95) | 24.85 (22.67, 27.38) | 0.096 |
| SBP(mmHg) | 126.00 (117.00, 139.00) | 131.00 (119.00, 140.00) | 0.206 | 126.00 (119.00, 138.75) | 130.50 (119.25, 140.00) | 0.291 |
| DBP(mmHg) | 74.00 (66.00, 81.00) | 71.00 (63.00, 79.00) | 0.263 | 73.50 (63.75, 80.75) | 72.00 (64.00, 79.00) | 0.658 |
| NYHA class III-IV | 17 (25.4%) | 42 (26.4%) | 0.871 | 16 (26.7%) | 23 (24.0%) | 0.709 |
| LVEF(%) | 64.42 ± 7.24 | 63.19 ± 7.33 | 0.249 | 64.45 ± 7.42 | 63.42 ± 6.64 | 0.410 |
| Underlying diseases | ||||||
| DM duration (yr) | 10.00 (5.00, 14.00) | 10.00 (5.00, 13.00) | 0.262 | 10.00 (5.00, 16.25) | 8.00 (4.00, 14.00) | 0.131 |
| HF duration (yr) | 1.00 (0.10, 6.00) | 1.00 (0.10, 4.00) | 0.680 | 2.00 (0.17, 6.00) | 1.00 (0.10, 5.00) | 0.533 |
| HTN | 56 (83.6%) | 127 (79.9%) | 0.517 | 50 (83.3%) | 74 (77.1%) | 0.347 |
| CHD | 39 (58.2%) | 105 (66.0%) | 0.264 | 36 (60.0%) | 61 (63.5%) | 0.657 |
| AF | 27 (40.3%) | 64 (40.3%) | 0.995 | 22 (36.7%) | 38 (39.6%) | 0.716 |
| CI | 8 (11.9%) | 24 (15.1%) | 0.535 | 8 (13.3%) | 10 (10.4%) | 0.579 |
| Laboratory reports | ||||||
| HbA1C (%) | 8.00 (7.50, 8.90) | 8.10 (7.40, 9.10) | 0.547 | 8.00 (7.50, 9.00) | 8.15 (7.50, 9.19) | 0.406 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 89.10 (76.27, 98.64) | 82.49 (66.75, 94.16) | 0.034 | 88.97 (74.96, 99.00) | 86.73 (68.86, 95.47) | 0.382 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 84.55 (44.20, 174.75) | 117.75 (57.08, 268.63) | 0.711 | 84.90 (43.80, 175.20) | 115.60 (56.40, 312.25) | 0.094 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 645.00 (404.00, 1869.00) | 1009.50 (327.75, 2199.25) | 0.273 | 703.00 (430.00, 1969.50) | 890.00 (266.75, 2197.75) | 0.767 |
| Hb (g/L) | 125.00 (119.00, 133.00) | 128.00 (118.00, 137.00) | 0.372 | 126.00 (117.00, 139.00) | 128.50 (118.00, 137.00) | 0.345 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 1.84 (1.33, 2.52) | 2.10 (1.59, 2.73) | 0.765 | 1.87 (1.34, 2.51) | 2.14 (1.64, 2.84) | 0.030 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.09(0.90, 1.24) | 1.08(0.92, 1.22) | 0.934 | 1.08(0.89, 1.23) | 1.10(0.94, 1.22) | 0.727 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.32 (1.03, 1.83) | 1.31 (0.91, 1.70) | 0.341 | 1.39 (1.06, 1.92) | 1.39 (0.92, 1.85) | 0.597 |
| LA (cm) | 3.95 (3.72, 4.32) | 4.04 (3.75, 4.51) | 0.377 | 3.96 (3.73, 4.34) | 4.05 (3.71, 4.53) | 0.699 |
| Antidiabetic therapy | ||||||
| Sulfonylureas | 25 (37.3%) | 52 (32.7%) | 0.504 | 22 (36.7%) | 28 (29.2%) | 0.329 |
| Glinides | 10 (14.9%) | 29 (18.2%) | 0.547 | 10 (16.7%) | 15 (15.6%) | 0.863 |
| GI | 33 (49.3%) | 108 (67.9%) | 0.008 | 30 (50.0%) | 60 (62.5%) | 0.124 |
| TZD | 1 (1.5%) | 7 (4.4%) | 0.280 | 0 (0%) | 5 (5.2%) | 0.072 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 2 (3.0%) | 8 (5.0%) | 0.494 | 2 (3.3%) | 5 (5.2%) | 0.582 |
| Insulin | 21 (31.3%) | 58 (36.5%) | 0.460 | 19 (31.7%) | 39 (40.6%) | 0.260 |
Values are means ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or number of participants (%). AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, cerebral infarction; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GI, glucosidase inhibitors; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; LA, left atrial/atrium; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systemic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TZD, thiazolidinediones.