Table 1.
Characteristics of pen-using patients
| Subjects enrolled | n = 780 |
|---|---|
| Male gender [n (%)] | 387 (49.6%) |
| Age (years) | 62 ± 15 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 6 |
| Type 1 diabetes [n (%)] | 224 (28.7%) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.3 |
| DM duration (years) | 18 ± 11 |
| Daily injections (n) | 3.7 ± 2.6 |
| Insulin treatment duration (years) | 10.1 ± 2.11 |
| Daily insulin dose (IU/day) | 46 ± 26 |
| Insulin basal analogues [n (%)] | 682 (87.4%) |
| Regular insulin [n (%)] | 7 (0.9%) |
| Short-acting insulin analogues [n (%)] | 729 (93.5%) |
| Premixed insulin [n (%)] | 57 (7.3%) |
| NPH insulin [n (%)] | 5 (0.6%) |
| Current injection system | n (%) |
|---|---|
| < 1 year | 83 (10.6%) |
| 1–3 years | 262 (33.6%) |
| 4–6 years | 187 (24%) |
| 7–9 years | 123 (15.8%) |
| > 9 years | 125 (16%) |
| Self-injection | 718 (92.1%) |
| Needle reuse | 178 (22.8%) |
| Needle utilization times (1 = no reuse) | 2.4 ± 0.8 |
| Missing site rotation | 271 (34.7%) |
| Ice-cold insulin | 115 (14.7%) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or absolute frequency (percentage)