Table 2.
Univariate analysis of demographic and clinical parameters of pen-using subjects with/without LH
| Overall | No LH | LH | Odds ratio 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 780 | n = 420 | n = 360 | |||
| Male gender | 387 (49.6%) | 204 (48.6%) | 183 (50.8%) | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | 0.243 |
| Age (years) | 62 ± 15 | 63 ± 15 | 61 ± 15 | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.051 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 6 | 29 ± 6 | 29 ± 6 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.492 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 224 (28.7%) | 106 (25.2%) | 118 (32.8%) | 1.64 (1.14–2.34) | 0.007 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 8 ± 1.2 | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | < 0.001 |
| DM duration (years) | 18 ± 11 | 17 ± 10 | 20 ± 11 | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 0.001 |
| Daily injections | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 3.7 ± 3.5 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.991 |
| Insulin treatment duration (years) | 10.1 ± 2.11 | 8.8 ± 2.9 | 12.2 ± 2.12 | 1.46 (1.23–1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Daily insulin dose (IU) | 46 ± 26 | 43 ± 27 | 49 ± 24 | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Basal analogues [n (%)] | 682 (87.4%) | 349 (83.1%) | 333 (92.5%) | 3.13 (1.80–5.47) | < 0.001 |
| Regular insulin [n (%)] | 7 (0.9%) | 4 (1.0%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.50 (0.10–2.40) | 0.385 |
| Short-acting analogues [n (%)] | 729 (93.5%) | 390 (92.9%) | 339 (94.2%) | 1.27 (0.68–2.38) | 0.460 |
| Premixed insulin [n (%)] | 57 (7.3%) | 32 (7.6%) | 25 (6.9%) | 0.89 (0.50–1.59) | 0.689 |
| NPH insulin [n (%)] | 5 (0.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 4 (1.1%) | 2.39 (0.25–23.14) | 0.452 |
| Hypoglycemia [n (%)] | 217 (27.8%) | 60 (14.3%) | 157 (43.6%) | 5.23 (3.54–7.74) | < 0.001 |
| Large GV [n (%)] | 364 (46.7%) | 140 (33.3%) | 224 (62.2%) | 4.43 (3.11–6.33) | < 0.001 |
| Pen needle length [n (%)] | |||||
| 4 mm | 222 (28.5%) | 123 (29.3%) | 99 (27.5%) | 1.00 | |
| 5 mm | 239 (30.6%) | 161 (38.3%) | 78 (21.7%) | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 0.324 |
| 6 mm | 156 (20%) | 71 (16.9%) | 85 (23.6%) | 1.74 (1.11–2.73) | 0.016 |
| 8 mm | 161 (20.6%) | 65 (15.5%) | 96 (26.7%) | 2.22 (1.38–3.59) | 0.001 |
| 12.7 mm | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.6%) | ||
| Pen needle gauge [n (%)] | |||||
| 29 | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2.31 (1.09–4.97) | 0.028 |
| 30 | 41 (5.3%) | 13 (3.1%) | 28 (7.8%) | ||
| 31 | 397 (50.9%) | 224 (53.3%) | 173 (48.1%) | 2.24 (1.46–3.63) | < 0.001 |
| 32 | 245 (31.4%) | 134 (31.9%) | 111 (30.8%) | 1.00 | |
| 33 | 8 (1.0%) | 6 (1.4%) | 2 (0.6%) | ||
| Not known | 88 (11.3%) | 42 (10.0%) | 46 (12.8%) | 1.66 (0.82–3.37) | 0.160 |
| Current injection system [n (%)] | |||||
| ≤ 1 year | 83 (10.6%) | 61 (14.5%) | 22 (6.1%) | 1.00 | |
| 1–3 years | 262 (33.6%) | 146 (34.8%) | 116 (32.2%) | 2.87 (1.61–5.13) | < 0.001 |
| 4–6 years | 187 (24.0%) | 104 (24.8%) | 83 (23.1%) | 4.16 (2.14–8.10) | < 0.001 |
| 7–9 years | 123 (15.8%) | 65 (15.5%) | 58 (16.1%) | 5.79 (2.8–12.01) | < 0.001 |
| > 9 years | 125 (16.0%) | 44 (10.5%) | 81 (22.5%) | 8.24 (3.95–17.19) | < 0.001 |
| Self-injection | 718 (92.1%) | 384 (91.4%) | 334 (92.8%) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | 0.928 |
| Needle reuse | 178 (22.8%) | 61 (14.5%) | 117 (32.5%) | 2.95 (1.92–4.73) | < 0.001 |
| Needle utilization times (1 = no reuse) | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.91 (1.04–2.95) | 0.003 |
| Missing site rotation | 271 (34.7%) | 56 (13.3%) | 215 (59.7%) | 11.54 (7.53–17.7) | < 0.001 |
| Ice-cold insulin | 115 (14.7%) | 42 (10.0%) | 73 (20.3%) | 1.51 (0.96–2.38) | 0.072 |
Odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (95% CI)
GV glycemic variability